Convergence Problems In Indonesia: An Overview From A Communication Perspective

Practitioners in galleries, libraries, archives, museums, and sites have been discussing the term GLAMS to refer to a group of professions in each institution. The acronym GLAMMS (galleries, libraries, archives, museums, monuments, and sites) is frequently used in Indonesia and with the addition of monuments. With such a vast and intricate reach, each GLAMS institution's collection serves and provides information regardless of its format, including both recorded and unrecorded objects. Nowadays, each institution can collect and store various kinds of objects. A museum, for example, may collect a variety of books and archives, apart from, of course, memorabilia and artifacts. A gallery without scripts, photos, maps, and other objects are incomplete. Likewise, the entire collection is physically present in the exhibition or the collection room, but visitors can also enjoy the collection virtually. Niels Windfeld Lund states that when discussing the idea of new documentation, all things are considered documents. Lund even asserts that there is no physical document form unless humans make it printed. Documents must not be in permanent physical forms (Sudarsono, 2016). Lund's statement explains digital documents and clearly explains intangible collection objects, such as speech and gestures. The relationships between galleries, libraries, museums, archives, and sites are explained through new document definitions. The book Towards a New Era of Documentation states that institutions that carry out document management tasks in any format are documentary institutions (Sudarsono, 2016). History of the Convergence of Science The idea of scientific convergence started at the end of the 19th century, pioneered by Paul Otlet (1868-1944), known as the Father of Documentation. He is also referred to as the "Father of the Internet" through the Mundaneum. Otlet's fundamental question is how documents in various forms and formats can provide and convey the knowledge recorded in them. Thus, cooperation in the exchange of knowledge is a must. Otlet also envisions a machine that can compose documents displaying every detail of information, relating it to similar information, and automatically determining the information's classification in numbers and its arrangement (Sudarsono, 2016). Mundaneum in Otlet's concept consists of five components: the International Association, Universal Library, International University, Gallery (Exhibition Space), and World Museum. Otlet's goal is to present a "world brain" where the documentation institutions are interconnected to focus on the information obtained from various printed documents and other available sources. New techniques and various documentation tools are combined in an institution that provides quick reference services, which Otlet calls the new information function (Sudarsono, 2016). Paul Otlet used the term hyper-documentation, which refers to various media and multi-sensory experiences, thirty years earlier to describe his "dream machine." Inspired by Otlet's dream, Ted Nelson then formulated a new concept of related electronic documents (hyper-text concept), which are unordered and multi-dimensional relationships that become a system for organizing huge collections. As a worldwide network, this system can be accessed simultaneously in a world containing texts, graphics, and data, which we now know as the Internet (Wright, 2014). Meanwhile, Warden Boyd Rayward was the first academician to consider convergence between libraries, museums, and archives delivered in a keynote address at the National Conference of the Office of National Preservation in Australia in 1995. He then poured his thoughts into his book, History of Electronic Artifacts, published in 1998, "[The] advent of electronic sources of information and their ever-increasing volume and variety will require a major redefinition and integration of the role of archives, museums, and research libraries. The distinctions between these different types of institutions eventually will make little sense. However, as we get to this point, we can anticipate continuing turf battles between the professional groups that manage them. […]" (p. 207-208). Rayward's thought has inspired many researchers who study the impact of digitization, such as research on the similarities and differences of documentary institutions (Hedstrom & King, 2003), the importance of collaboration between libraries, archives, and museums (Waibel & Erway, 2009; Yudhawasthi, 2014), collaboration and preparation professional information practitioners in the digital era (Trant, 2009), and the digital convergence of archive libraries and museums (Marty, 2009). The availability of information in electronic format has driven the "digital convergence" of libraries, archives, and museums and has been the subject of countless publications and presentations. Rayward predicts that what will be at stake is how documentaries and academic institutions react to digital transformation as world information resources will affect the future of the profession and the identity of libraries, archives, and museums in the 21st century. Collaboration between documentary institutions in the United States is carried out openly under the Federal Museum and Library Services Act 1996. In the United Kingdom, documentary institutions conduct the collaboration securely. However, there are many records of various collaborations since 1999 (Baba, 2005). Collaborating is undoubtedly; it takes preparation among documentary institutions to implement policies from multiple sides, especially risk factors that result in lost or damaged documents owned (Zorich, 2008). Collaboration in the digital era will shape the future of institutions such as libraries, archives, and museums. Classification, collaboration, and assistance in document arrangement are examples of collaboration possible in the digital era (Marty, 2009). Collaboration is a step towards convergence from coexisting conditions, networking, and various collaborative projects. Whatever form of convergence, it all boils down to meeting the user's knowledge needs (Rayward, 1995; Marty, 2009). Convergence in a structural form first occurred in 2004 in Canada. Libraries and national archives were united in Library and Archives Canada (LAC). The Canadian government is committed to carrying out a key role in procuring and preserving national and state documentaries through the LAC. At the global level, international collaboration began in 2008 when the Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL) succeeded in formulating a long-term vision of a digital world library. CDNL agreed to build a global distribution system or digital collection that is comprehensive, open, connected without ties and universally accessible via the internet. It includes the accessibility to materials in cultural heritage management institutions and private collections for research, education and lifelong learning, innovation, economic development, and promoting international understanding. Non-governmental organizations also carry out similar activities. In the sixth meeting held in December 2011, six non-governmental organizations agreed to adopt the "Statements of Principle on Global Cross-Sectoral Digitization Initiatives" with the common goal of collecting, recording, organizing, storing, preserving and providing access to the world's cultural heritage and intellectual works in the form of a documentary (Sudarsono, 2016).

This research used a qualitative method to examine the complexity of phenomena. The qualitative approach provides many descriptions of phenomena and supports knowing deeper about a phenomenon. This method has flexibility in observation and offers an opportunity to make changes if possible. This method not only fulfills the need of the researcher, but it can give a profound explanation (Sofaer, 1999). For this research, depth interview with the elected informant has been done. The informants are representatives of the library, archive, and museum professionals. The researcher collected some documentation like photos, videos, and field notes to enhance the data quality. Furthermore, the researcher joined social media groups of professionals consisting of librarians, curators, and record managers to explore interaction communication that is built among them. The study used some books and journals to complete the data. The data was collected, then reduced, classified, and categorized. After that, all of the findings were analyzed.

Documentary Institutions in Indonesia The convergence movement emerges due to the need for knowledge resources stored in real and virtual forms, in two or three-dimensional formats, living or dead, and even in intangible documents. Physically, document collection, recording, organizing, storage, and maintenance may occur separately. However, considering that these documents are media carriers of messages, information, and knowledge, they might intertwine in the same series effectively. Documentation must therefore be handled according to the same standard, especially in digital form. Unfortunately, in Indonesia, convergence has not become an option in providing knowledge services to the public on a massive scale. Although practitioners and documentary managers frequently discussed the issue, they have not discussed how inter-institutions converge. It is understandable because collaboration activities are rarely occupied among documentary institutions, except in the Regional Library and Archives Service or the Regional Museum and Archives Service. The values that underlie collaboration are the same goals and perceptions, the willingness to process and provide mutual benefits, honesty, compassion, and community-based (Yudhawasthi, 2014). The National Library of Indonesia has initiated the Indonesia OneSearch, a single search gateway for all public collections from libraries, museums, and archives throughout Indonesia (IOS, 2020). Since its development in 2015, IOS has had 9,704,312 unique entries and 13,895,896 entries with duplicates. Automated harvesting method, such as IOS accumulates collection from the repositories of partner organizations from various sectors: Library, Archives, and Botanical Gardens. Meanwhile, Galleries, Museums, and Sites have not emerged as a sector. It shows that IOS as a convergence tool is not yet widespread and not optimal among documentary institutions. The presence of IOS is exciting amid the GLAMS convergence discourse. Indonesian museums operate independently online through their websites and social media accounts, and Instagram is the most used. As many as 247 museums have used social media, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic (Komunitas Jelajah, 2020). Through the Indonesian Museum Association (AMI) website and the National Museum Registration System (SRNM) of the Ministry of Education and Culture, the public can obtain brief information regarding the address, history, number of collections, and contacts of museums in Indonesia. Unfortunately, the existing data has not been updated and is not uniform. For example, on the AMI website, activities stopped in 2016 by recording 428 museum members of the 18 Indonesian Regional Museum Associations (AMIDA). Meanwhile, on the SRNM website, there are 520 museums in Indonesia, with 134 registered and standardized museums. Museums in Indonesia are very likely to join world organizations such as the International Council of Museums (ICOM). However, not many museums have collaborated or converged yet. In recent years, several consolidation initiatives have been launched to create convergence, particularly by some museum practitioners and university museum managers. In 2019, the Indonesian Higher Education Museum Network (Jejaring Museum Perguruan Tinggi Indonesia JMPTI) was established, explicitly aiming to strengthen collaboration between university museums in Indonesia. JMPTI affiliates with University Museums and Collections, and the International Council of Museums (UMAC-ICOM). JMPTI's vision and mission are similar to the Indonesian Higher Education Library Forum (FPPTI). The two organizations even held online discussions in 2020 to initiate convergence between museums and libraries in the university environment. The event also involved universities that have galleries and campus archives (Yudhawasthi, 2020). Archival Institutions in Indonesia There are currently at least two professional archives and records organizations in Indonesia; the Indonesian Archives Association (AAI) and the Indonesian Record Management Professional Association (P3RI), which membership is open to individuals and organizations. Unfortunately, the two organizations have not carried out many joint activities. P3RI, established in 2017, has routine training and discussion activities but was stopped during the pandemic. AAI was established in 1998; some of its members are government employees (ASN) and mostly synergize through the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia (ANRI). ANRI is a member of the Southeast Asia Pacific Audiovisual Archive Association (SEAPAVAA). Meanwhile, a Cultural Conservation Site is a location on land and/or in water containing objects and buildings of cultural heritage and structures due to human activities or evidence of past events. In Indonesia, cultural heritage sites are recorded in the National Registration System for Cultural Conservation (SRNCG), including museum data. The procedure and requirements to be designated cultural heritage are quite complicated, as seen at SRNCG. Since the issuance of Law Number 11 of 2010 concerning Cultural Conservation, the number of cultural heritages is 141 (2013-2018) from 99,462 applications submitted until mid-2021. An extraordinary number of Indonesian collective memory documents are stored separately and not connected in a single communication network. GLAMS is currently adding one more institution, monument (M), when referring to other countries. Hence, convergence among documentary institutions in Indonesia is potential. However, the road to get there is not well laid out. From several online discussions, such as the one held by the LIPI Data and Scientific Documentation Center (PDDI) with the Indonesian Documentation Study Work (KSKI) on June 30, 2021, understanding and thinking about convergence were still in physical and structural integration. Convergence must be interpreted broadly in the current digital era, not just physical union but also the unification of function, substance, and communication. All the problems in the convergence issue is the aspect of communication, as described in the following discussion.

All integrated metadata documents serve as models for engaging with stakeholders by documentary institutions. More information will be shared with the larger community by creating a more comprehensive hyper document. In the digital age, options for the community to obtain their rights to lifelong education have increased thanks to inter-institutional openness in communicating institutions and records. All aspects of modern life have been digitalized. In today's world, people want to access documents, but they also want to get hold of ones that will help them with their studies, careers, or even hobbies. At this stage, GLAMS convergence actively produces integrated documentation, offers guidance, and provides wider references. To do this, communication obstacles must be reduced and, if possible, eliminated. One typical way to increase accessibility is for documentary institutions to merge. It ultimately strengthens the documentary institution's function in using and conserving the nation's collective memory. This work strengthens the foundation of documentary institutions as a result. Convergence is a collaborative effort to create a memorable experience using several distinctive documents that can be accessed digitally simply and quickly with the swipe of a finger. It is very important to enhance communication skills. Like Paul Watzlawick said, "one cannot not communicate.” Communicating is a complex situation. Each people uses a different way to deliver what they think and or what they feel. They communicate with one another using language, their bodies, and all the tools made by humans.