Bibliometric analysis of publications trends on the terrorism issues in Indonesia

A. INTRODUCTION This research aims to evaluate the trends in the publication of terrorism issues in Indonesia, especially from 1980 to 2022. Indonesia's terrorism has become one of the issues often used as a research topic for researchers or authors in their works, especially in recent times (Achsin, 2019). It is because terrorism issues have always been dynamic and attracted much public attention due to actions that constantly threaten and endanger security, whether individual safety, public safety, state security, or global security (Dwiwarno, 2018). Thus, issues about terrorism have become one of the options for researchers or authors as an exciting research topic to explore. This research is essential because publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia, especially bibliometric ones, are still few. Meanwhile, the issue of terrorism in Indonesia has been discussed since the 1980s (Erikha & Rufaedah, 2019). It means that the issue of terrorism is not new and has been studied for some decades (Schuurman, 2019). Terrorism is defined as a harmful activity and must be eliminated from life because the actions related to terrorism always have detrimental impacts, such as destruction and even death (Al Makmun et al., 2018). Acts of terrorism in Indonesia have indeed occurred a lot since the 1980s. Still, acts of terrorism carried out by the Islamic extremist militant group Al-Qaeda in the United States in 2001, known as 9/11, became a popular point of issue about terrorism globally (Ahlfeldt et al., 2015). The 9/11 event in the United States was a terrorism incident that occurred in 2001. It became one of the events that received a lot of attention from the global community where the 9/11 event was the destruction of the United States twin tower building known as the World Trade Center (WTC) (Pollari et al., 2021). The collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) building is believed to be the result of the terror of the Al-Qaeda extremist Islamic militant group led by Osama bin Laden (Rai et al., 2016). The terror acts carried out by the Al-Qaeda group in the United States have caused many global communities to perceive that the occurrence of terrorist activities is always related to Islam and have created a negative view of Islam, which is often referred to as Islamophobia (Ali & Khattab, 2017). As the country with the world's largest Muslim population, Indonesia is one of the targetted countries for extremist Islamic militant groups such as Al-Qaeda and others to carry out their planned terror acts (Manthovani, 2020). Terror acts, carried out by extremist Islamic militant groups, can occur because have various interests such as political, social, economic, and religious interests (Setiyono, 2021). Terror acts carried out by extremist militant groups or individuals in Indonesia are usually in the form of bombings in several locations and regions in Indonesia (Putra & Sukabdi, 2013). One of the bomb terror acts in Indonesia was the Bali bombing that occurred on October 12, 2002. The Bali bombing was a terrible memory for both Indonesian citizens and foreigners since many victims were foreign citizens, particularly Australian citizens visiting Bali (Stevens et al., 2013). Bali itself is one of the tourist destinations for foreign tourists visiting Indonesia. Thus, the destructive and hazardous Bali bombing has escalated the popularity of terrorism issues in Indonesia. As a consequence, with the mushrooming of terrorist acts in Indonesia after the Bali bombings, Indonesia has sought to create, strengthen, and strengthen the laws on terrorism in Indonesia to become better with the changes in the law on terrorism in 2018 contained in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 (Sugianto & Rofi'i, 2018). After going through several explanations from the abovementioned terrorism acts in Indonesia and the popularity of terrorism issues after the 9/11 incident in the United States, there have been many publications and research on terrorism issues (Fuad, 2020). In his study, he explained international publications on radicalism and terrorism, in which this research has similarities related to the selection of topics on terrorism (Fuad, 2020). In comparison, the research conducted by Fuad Munawar focuses on international publications on terrorism, radicalism, and fundamentalism, with the research period starting in 2001 to 2009. Thus, the differences between this study from Fuad Munawar's research are from the time of the research, the focus of the study, and the selection of the topic of terrorism as a publication trend. B. LITERATURE REVIEW Bibliometric Analysis Studies Bibliometric analysis study is one of the types of research that began to be widely used by researchers in their research because the study of bibliometric analysis is one of the studies that can analyze data globally without being limited by language, time, region, and field (Donthu et al., 2021; Roziqin et al., 2022). In addition, a bibliometric analysis study is also one of the types of quantitative research assisted by several data analysis tools. Some data analysis tools often used in bibliometric analysis research are Nvivo12, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, HistCite, Web of Science, Scopus, Harzing's Publish or Perish, and many others (Pan et al., 2018). Thus, bibliometric analysis research allows researchers to obtain significant and unlimited research data that is also easy to do with the help of existing research tools. In bibliometric analysis studies, the analysis results data shown in the research obtained from visualization and mapping process in the form of diagrams, tables, or visualization figures, makes bibliometric analysis research more interesting and easier to understand (Widuri et al., 2022). Therefore, this study used visualization of interesting analytical data on the trends in the publications of terrorism issues in Indonesia with VOSviewer tools described in previous bibliometric studies. Terrorism Issues in Indonesia Terrorism is described as a severe crime and one of the security threats for a country such as Indonesia, which often experiences acts of terrorism (Sinaulan, 2016). The acts of terrorism in Indonesia have mushroomed to put Indonesia at the centre of attention from the global public due to some particular terrorism incidents, such as the Bali bombings in 2002. The Bali bombings in 2002 shocked the Indonesian community and shook the international community's attention since they happened after the 9/11 incident in the United States in 2001 and thus provoked a negative perspective on terrorist acts from the global community (Sunesti, 2014). In addition to the Bali bombings in 2002, Indonesia experienced many other acts of terrorism, such as bombing embassy buildings in Indonesia, bombing places of worship, and even suicide bombs (Tabrani, 2019). The issue of terrorism in Indonesia is one of the issues that attract the public's attention and is one of the topics that often affect the popularity of publications or research on terrorism in Indonesia. Thus, the dynamic issue of terrorism in Indonesia makes research or publications on the issue of terrorism in Indonesia always change or even increase. Terrorism Bibliometric in Indonesia Bibliometric research on terrorism in Indonesia is still relatively rare, and only a few researchers have explained terrorism in Indonesia using bibliometric analysis. These researchers are Dinda Rosanti Salsa Bela, Munawar Fuad, and others. Islamic movements in Indonesia have caused many terrorist activities (Rosanti et al., 2021). Meanwhile, Fuad focuses on international publications on radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia through bibliometric analysis in a period starting from 2001 to 2019 (Fuad, 2020). The study found 414 international documents on radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. So, through several studies, this study can be used to update several previous studies and become new research that will only focus on the trends of existing publications on terrorism in Indonesia.

Data Collection Scopus assisted in the data collection method of this bibliometric study. Through the search conducted on Scopus on August 2, 2022, a total of 608 publications were collected with a period starting from 1980 to 2022, using methods based on abstracts or keywords "terrorism", "terrorist", "terror", and "Indonesia". Data Extraction The results of published documents collected through Scopus were then imported into CSV documents (Comma Separated Values) and RIS documents (Research Information System). After that, it was analyzed and visualized through the VOSviewer data visualization to see and observe the results of visualization analysis from the previously collected data on the issue of terrorism in Indonesia. Inclusion and Exclusion This study used inclusion and exclusion to screen data needed and not needed in the bibliometric analysis. Thus, this research only focuses on document publications about terrorism issues in Indonesia, namely in the form of articles, books, brief surveys, conference papers, and scientific records. Publications that are not related to issues about terrorism were excluded, and the period in publications that are not within the scope of this study was not used as research data. Data Analysis Data analysis was carried out to see, assess, understand, and explain the results of analyzing the data that had been previously collected through Scopus data search engines. The data analysis includes data on existing published documents every year starting from 1980 to 2022, data on the countries of production or distribution of published documents, data of authors and affiliates, data on the field of study of published documents along with types of existing published documents on the issue of terrorism in Indonesia, as well as data related to the highest funding sponsors in published documents. Data analysis in this study was assisted by a data visualization tool, the VOSviewer, to identify the results of existing data analysis and facilitate the analysis results through data visualization.

Trends in Published Documents on Terrorism Issues in Indonesia Acts of terrorism began to increase in several countries in the world after the 9/11 incident in the United States, which also affected the popularity of issues about terrorism among global citizens. The popularity of terrorism issues also affects the trends of published documents or research conducted by researchers or authors, as issues about terrorism are always interesting, dynamic, and change every time. Figure 1 shows the number of published documents on the issue of terrorism in Indonesia from 1980 to 2022. The graph indicates that the publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia from 1980 to 2000 have a very small number, not even more than one published document. However, from 2001 to 2022, the graph shows a significant increase in publications each year. In fact, in 2020, the number of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia showed the highest number of publications, reaching 60 publications. Apart from that, several important issues discussed were the pattern of terrorist movements that developed in Indonesia, starting from the involvement of women and children, including the fundraising model they carried out. For this purpose, they also intensively use internet facilities (Hui, 2017). Understanding the movement model is considered beneficial in efforts to prevent and deal with the threat of terrorism. In this way, the negative effects on the security and economy of the people will be minimized (Pratiwi et al., 2019). Therefore, the high number of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia in 2020 is primarily dominated by research that explains anti-terrorism activities in Indonesia and the efforts that must be made to prevent and combat terrorism activities in Indonesia so that terrorism events do not occur in the lives of the Indonesian people (Yumitro et al., 2020). Thus, when viewed through the number of publications that exist every year from 1980 to 2022, the highest trend of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia began in 2001 to 2022, with 60 published documents in 2020 dominated by research on anti-terrorism in Indonesia. For this purpose, various policies such as optimizing deradicalization programs, collaboration with multiple actors, and intelligent activities are essential (Suharmono et al., 2019). Co-occurrence of Published documents on Terrorism Issues in Indonesia Figure 2 indicates that, apart from Indonesia and Terrorism as the major keywords and visualization, there are 78 other keywords classified into 11 clusters, as in Figure 2. Terrorism, as the main topic in this study, is undoubtedly the keyword with the most significant visualization than other words in 608 publications on the issue of terrorism in Indonesia, followed by Indonesia as one of the countries chosen as a place where terrorist activities have occurred in this study. Authors and Affiliates of Publications on Terrorism Issues in Indonesia Figure 3 shows many published documents on the issue of terrorism in Indonesia. Gunaratna, R is the most productive author on the topic of terrorism issues in Indonesia with the publications reached a percentage of about 1.3% (8 published documents). He is a researcher born in Sri Lanka who is now a citizen of Singapore and works as a Professor of Security Studies at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore. In addition to discussing models of terrorism movements in Southeast Asia and Indonesia, his various articles also discussed how deradicalization and counterterrorism models need to be developed. He believes strengthening the social community is crucial in the counter-terrorism program (R Gunaratna, 2021). The various works he has created reflect Singapore's interest in the importance of feeling safe in the region, especially with the threat of terrorism in Indonesia. Gururatna productivity was followed by Hwang J.C., who has a percentage of 1.3% (8 published documents), then Putra, I.E, with a percentage of 1.2% (7 published documents), Hefner, R.W., with a percentage of 0.8% (5 published documents) and Vughn, B., with a percentage of 0.7% (4 published documents). Julie Chernov Hwang is an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Goucher College, America. Various studies he conducted discussed the social networks of jihadist groups in Southeast Asia. According to him, the social environment has a significant role in joining a person in the terrorism movement (Hwang, 2018a). Therefore, efforts to break the circle of radicalism and doctrinal terrorists need to be carried out so that they can be reintegrated normally into a society that is not radical (Hwang, 2018b). A similar view was also conveyed by a writer from Boston University, America, Hefner, RW, who considered that the development of radicalization in Indonesia was influenced by the development of the Indonesian Islamic movement after the fall of Suharto. Meanwhile, Vaughn explained that strengthening the capacity of local government and efforts to reduce feelings of alienation among Muslims needed to be done. Idhamsyah Eka Putra, an Indonesian researcher from Persada Indonesia Yai University, argues that deradicalization programs must be done humanely and friendly (Putra et al., 2018). The five researchers are the authors who produce the most publications than the other authors. The results were obtained after classifying about 1.000 author names from 608 publications to 450 clusters. Thus, the researchers selected five authors who contributed the most to the publications on the issue of terrorism in Indonesia. Affiliates of publications on the issue of terrorism in Indonesia can be seen in Figure 3. There are 854 affiliates and 475 clusters, which shows that the results of the publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia are dominated by the University of Indonesia and followed by the National University of Australia, which has the most extensive results of data visualization than other affiliates. Types and Areas of Documents Publication on Terrorism Issues in Indonesia Figure 4 shows most types of publications and the fields of study where publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia have been carried out most often. The types of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia are dominated by article published documents, with the highest number of published documents than others, which is as many as 361 published documents. In the publication of those articles, the topics that were widely discussed were the issue of Indonesia, terrorism, Islamic terrorist networks in Southeast Asia, and deradicalization efforts among the suspected terrorist. Then, the second graph in Figure 4 explains the fields of study that use terrorism issues as topics in published documents. The field that primarily uses terrorism issues as topics in their research is the field of social science studies, with 247 published documents. After that, it was followed by publications in the Arts and Humanities field with 85 published documents, Engineering with 50 published documents, and Business, Management and Accounting with 41 published documents. In the social science field, the topics connected to the development of the Islamic movement in the era of democratization in Indonesia and its influence on the development of terrorist movements (Jati, 2013). Apart from domestic political factors, the development of terrorism in Indonesia is also considered connected with the growing perception of American political domination and hegemony in international politics (Al Makmun et al., 2018). Such a condition requires developing various models of deradicalization that involve various elements of society, including families and various civil organizations (Sumbulah, 2019). This discussion is in line with the keywords in the abstract that are most widely used, namely terrorism, Indonesia, violence, Islamism, security, South East Asia, social media, counterterrorism, jihad, and Jemaah Islamiyah. From this description, it can be seen that the issue of terrorism in Indonesia is closely related to Islamic movements and ideology in the name of jihad, which is carried out with various acts of violence. Even in its development, terrorist movements in Indonesia actively use social media and have networks in Southeast Asia. Country of Distribution of Published Documents on Terrorism Issues in Indonesia The country of distribution of published documents is one of the crucial things to know to see the trend of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia. Figure 5 is the result of a data visualization analysis of 608 published documents that have been collected through Scopus with a period starting from 1980 to 2022 on the terrorism issues in Indonesia. The countries where publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia are most distributed are Indonesia, the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Singapore. The five countries are the countries with the largest data visualization, which indicates that these countries are also the countries with the most distribution of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia from 35 other countries. The data visualization results are shown in Figure 5. Figure 5 shows that Indonesia has the most prominent data visualization than others. Therefore, not only has Indonesia been chosen as the topic of countries where terrorist activities happen, but also Indonesia dominates the distribution of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia itself. Two hundred twenty publications on terrorism are written by scholars from Indonesia and spread in various international journals. Only then was it followed by the work of American and Australian authors, who each reached 112 and 100 articles. The rest are works produced by scholars from the United Kingdom, Singapore, Malaysia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, and Japan. The number of writings from Indonesian authors is relatively high because of the collaboration carried out by Indonesian with several authors from other countries interested in researching terrorism in a society with a majority Muslim population. This trend of cooperation has increased since 2001, after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The highest publication peak was in 2020, with 39 articles produced by Indonesian authors. Meanwhile, in 2021 the works produced by Indonesian authors dropped to 34 articles, and 28 in 2022. Trends in Published Documents on Terrorism Issues in Indonesia The country with the most distribution publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia, as described in Figure 5, is Indonesia. Thus, the sponsorship of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia is also dominated by institutions in Indonesia, as seen in Figure 6. Figure 6 explains the charts of the major sponsorship for publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia. Bina Nusantara University is the major sponsor funding the publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia, with four publications. Then it is followed by other sponsors from Indonesia, the University of Indonesia with two publications, and many sponsoring institutions from other countries who participate as sponsors of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia. Terrorism studies from the University of Indonesia are dominated by social science, with most publications being carried out by Rufaedah, A. She and her team wrote about solving terrorism issues from a psychological perspective, including the position of the families and wives of terrorists, who often get a negative stigma within society and can harm the deradicalization process (Rufaedah & Putra, 2018). According to the University of Indonesia team, a psychological approach to solving the issue of terrorism is essential, for example, by taking a method that is humanity and friendship in nature (Putra et al., 2018). Other deradicalization efforts could be made by reeducating terrorist suspects with a moderate religious understanding (Rufaedah et al., 2019). The team from Indonesian universities emphasized the importance of collaboration between the government and universities in handling the threat of terrorism (Erikha et al., 2021). Even though the highest publication from the Indonesian Institute comes from the University of Indonesia, the position of Bina Nusantara University is very important in the study of terrorism in Indonesia. Interestingly, most articles sponsored by this campus are related to studying terrorism in computer science. Scholars from this campus introduced robots and detection systems to prevent and anticipate terrorist attacks, including efforts to prevent money laundering in financing terrorism. With data mining developed on an online system, they also advise the government to massively monitor and clean various social media accounts that are indicated to have links with ISIS propaganda and other terrorist groups (Kibtiah et al., 2020). In addition, based on the information in this bibliometric study, there are several prominent issues on this bibliometric study of terrorism in Indonesia. First, the study of terrorism in Indonesia has increased since 2001. This condition was influenced by the September 11, 2001 attacks, which put the issue of terrorism into orbit in the study of international politics. The war against global terrorism after the attacks on the WTC and the Pentagon announced by America changed the constellation of the international political map. Moreover, at that time, GW Bush declared a global war on terrorism with his famous statement that either you are with terrorists or you are with the US (Waldman, 2013). The dynamics of the development of publications since 2001 are also influenced by various terrorist attacks and threats that have developed in Indonesia. Moreover, some data indicate the existence of terrorist movements like ISIS and Al Qaeda are existed in Indonesia (Hoffman, 2015). Therefore, Megawati, the president of Indonesia during the September 11 attacks, immediately visited Washington (Williams, 2015). The relationship between Indonesia and America in the war against terrorism has become so close. Moreover, in 2002, there was also the Bali bombing which made Indonesia the world's attention in the global war against terrorism. The network of these terrorists continues to grow and develop, especially those connected to the Abu Bakr Ba'ashir network, and make Indonesia a second front of terrorism link in the world (Miichi, 2016). In addition, terrorist groups' understanding of radical ideology and Indonesia's position as a warring state, in their view, have played a significant role in the development of terrorism in Indonesia. For terrorists, committing violence is a jihad for glory (Putra & Sukabdi, 2013). Moreover, they consider that the Indonesian government is still corrupt and has not entirely fought for the people's interests. It is not uncommon for the government to be seen as collaborating with western nations, which makes the position of Muslims even more difficult. Second, the data shows that the publications on the issue of terrorism in Indonesia have become the focus of attention of several countries, such as the United States of America, Australia, and Singapore. It can be seen based on the number of articles produced by authors from those countries where authors from the United States, United Kingdom and Singapore wrote 112, 100 and 38 articles, respectively. All the articles they write contain abstracts related to terrorists in Indonesia. The data shows that Australia and America sponsored many studies to make the article on terrorism in Indonesia. Some institutions that support American authors are the US Department of Homeland Security, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. The research they funded related to anti-American attitudes that trigger terrorism cases in various Muslim countries, including Indonesia, a model of the movement of terrorist groups in Indonesia (Raghavan et al., 2013), and how terrorist groups disengaged or continue to join radical movements (Kenney & Chernov Hwang, 2021). While the Australian Research Councilsponsored authors from Australia were quite concerned with studying the Bali bombings, especially regarding the long-term impacts of the Bali bombings on the Australian people (Stevens, Dunsmore, Agho, Taylor, Jones, Van Ritten, et al., 2013), coping efforts for those affected (Stevens, Dunsmore, Agho, Taylor, Jones, & Raphael, 2013) and radicalization developed in Indonesia (Cherney et al., 2021). The Australian government also sponsored studies on competency development efforts for professional groups working in the deradicalization of terrorist perpetrators (Sukabdi et al., 2022). Meanwhile, in Singapore, the Asia Research Institute and the National University of Singapore sponsored studies on the conflict in the cyber era, which showed that the development of internet technology had a significant influence on the increase and spread of conflict issues, such as in the Maluku case to the international community. It is considered to influence the development of the terrorist movement. Likewise, with studies on the Bali bombing, militant movements such as Jemaah Islamiyah and its networks in Southeast Asia received significant attention from sponsors of terrorist studies in Singapore. The researches on terrorism conducted by the United States of America, Australia, and Singapore indicate that the issue of terrorism in Indonesia has become an essential concern for these countries and is related to their national interests. For America, the terrorist movement in Indonesia threatens America because it develops with the jihad doctrine against westernization led by America. In addition, the development of Islamophobia in America also increases the potential threat of terrorism. The rate of Islamophobia in America, especially during the Donald Trump era, has increased significantly (Syarif et al., 2020). Therefore, radical Islamic groups in Indonesia want to destroy the symbols of American power (Solihin, 2017). For them, America is a country that has always exercised hegemony and dominance over various parts of the world, especially Muslims. Understanding the map of the Islamic movements and terrorist groups is in America's strategic interest to prevent the threat to American security. As for Australia, the issue of terrorism has a significant impact because apart from geographical proximity, in several incidents, Australian citizens have been victims of several terrorist attacks in Indonesia, for example, the Bali bombing case in 2002. Of the 202 victims who died in the attack, 88 were Australian citizens (Adeloye & Brown, 2018). Even in the 2004 terrorist attack, Nordin M Top, assisted by Iwan and other local Jama'ah Islamia networks, detonated a bomb at the Australian Embassy in Jakarta (Miichi, 2016). Meanwhile, Singapore considers that the development of terrorism in Indonesia is worrying. This country is relatively small and becomes an international crossing for some who will enter Indonesia. With a terrorist network that is connected between Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, Singapore feels its territorial security is threatened (Rohan Gunaratna, 2017). Moreover, the Jama'ah Islamiyah movement is indicated to have a network in Singapore (Fatimah & Syukur, 2019). Therefore, this country is quite intense in conducting studies on terrorism, including those related to networks in Indonesia. Moreover, the network that is connected to Indonesia and the Philippines is considered a terrorist network that is very threatening to the stability of the region, especially those related to commercial ports and shipping, which are closely related to Singapore's interests.

Trends of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia show varying levels of publication trends. Publication of terrorism issues in Indonesia began to develop after the first incident of terrorism in 2002. The trend of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia increased significantly in 2020, when the trend of publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia occupied the highest number of documents, especially on topics on anti-terrorism and efforts to prevent and avoid acts of terrorism in Indonesia. Indonesia, as a topic in this study, dominates the results of trends in publications on terrorism issues in Indonesia in terms of the country. Indonesia also becomes the country with the most significant affiliates, sponsors, and the origin of the authors of publications on terrorism issues. Trends in the publication of documents on terrorism issues in Indonesia are widely published as journal articles in social sciences. This research is expected to contribute to the publications on the terrorism issues in Indonesia and as new research in the form of bibliometric research about terrorism which is still quite a few in Indonesia.