Community radio-based disaster information dissemination pattern on K-Pass FM Radio Katapang

Indonesia is a country with an archipelago spread from Sabang to Merauke. Indonesia has many natural resources that can be utilized by the community (Kusmana & Sukristijiono, 2016). In addition to having abundant natural resources, Indonesia also consists of the distribution of volcanoes and reliefs of the earth's layer, this causes Indonesia to become an area with the threat of natural disasters (Sabir & Phil, 2016). This natural condition in Indonesia affects the territory of Indonesia where soil conditions can change chemically and physically, are not fertile, and have negative impacts marked by the territory of Indonesia. When viewed from the causes, disasters are classified into three types. Sjuchro, Khadijah, Hardian, and Rukmana (2019) stated, that the first disaster is related to air and fire or what is called hydrometeorological disasters. Second, geophysical disasters. This disaster usually occurs in countries surrounded by volcanoes. The latter is known as a biological disaster or commonly referred to as a plague. The disaster that has arrived in Indonesia has claimed many victims, either because of a very fast disaster or very slow relief. In general, people in Indonesia panic when a disaster occurs, even though the government has created a disaster management system in Indonesia. An example of a system that the government has created for disaster management in Indonesia is the establishment of a formal institution, namely the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) which acts as a focal point for government agencies at the central level. At the provincial and district or city level, it is the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD). In the formation of the response agency, of course, adequate funds are also provided such as Local Government Budget/State Budget (APBN/APBD), contingency funds, on-call funds, grant-patterned social assistance funds, funds sourced from the community, and international community support funds (Riyanto & Efendi, 2020). The disaster management system in the territory of Indonesia is very good and well organized, but there must be some areas that lack information about disaster management (Sjafirah, Sjuchro, & Khoerunnisa, 2022). Given that the disaster that occurred was very detrimental to the community, many studies later discussed disaster as the main topic. In the history of disasters, the extent, intensity, frequency, and distribution of the damage caused by disasters are different in each place, but disasters can occur in the same place (Yulianto, Apriyadi, Aprilyanto, Winugroho, Ponangsera, & Wilopo, 2021). Along with the increasing frequency of disasters from year to year in Indonesia, there are many ideas about disaster management that need to be understood and implemented by all stakeholders, including the community. Disasters need to be clearly communicated to the wider community. When a disaster occurs, information becomes very important and necessary for both the disaster-affected community and society in general (Sjuchro, Khadijah, Hardian, & Rukmana, 2019). Communities affected by disasters need information on how to evacuate and get help, while the general public needs information to be aware of disasters (Dwiana, 2021). Communicating appropriately and accurately will reduce the impact that will occur when a disaster occurs, at least the residents in the area have fled to a safer place. Information submitted by the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) reminds us that there may be obstacles and information broadcast on television does not necessarily indicate television broadcasts to remote areas. If disaster management information is obtained from print media such as newspapers or magazines, it can be ascertained that a disaster has occurred because print media requires a fairly long process so that it can be published. Even though in this era of globalization, communication is getting faster with the existence of cellphones and the internet, there are also communication tools that are still used today, it has existed for a long time, even before there were cellphones and the internet. Not to mention the information that is spread on cellphones cannot be ascertained because there is such a thing as an information explosion. From this phenomenon, the Indonesian people must be more careful in seeking accurate and accountable information. The importance of disaster information for the community, causes the increase of the needed information. Dissemination of information about disasters can be done in various forms of communication, one of them is the dissemination of mass media. Dwivayani and Karim (2020) said that the mass media plays a very important role in disseminating information when a disaster occurs. Disseminated information about a disaster is very useful in Indonesia, and radio is one of them. Radio is said to be a mass media tool that can be used easily and the information that is disseminated is relatively certain of its truth and accuracy (Fauziyah, Hadian, & Hendarmawan, 2021). Radios vary, from radios with broad segmentation to radios with narrow segments. In the ancient times, it was called public radio, nowadays there are what are called youth radio, news radio, cultural radio, community radio, emergency radio, and other radios. Community radio plays an important role in disaster preparedness information. It is strategically located and easy to approaching the local community about disaster preparedness. It is the reasons why community radio very helpful for this cases (Windyaningrum & Setiawan, 2017). In broadcasting media, community radio is regulated by the 2002 Broadcasting Law No 32, which states that community radio has an important role in the field of communication and information. Community radio is a form of direct community participation in fighting over the information base and training people for democracy starting from the local level. Community radio is also present as alternative broadcasting that will not be able to manipulate the unilateral interests of the managers (Sjuchro, D. W., & Gustini, 2017). One of the many community radios that broadcast about disasters in Indonesia is Radio K-Pass FM Katapang. This radio stands based on the community's need to disseminate information. The managed information also includes information circulating in the Katapang District area. In 2002, initially, it only contained events with information characteristic of the local area, commonly referred to as 'local content. Along with developing studies on disasters, Radio K-Pass FM Katapang is now broadcasting information about local disasters. Community radio in a disaster answers the needs of the population in Indonesia due to the absence of information media through air channels that private radio stations previously filled. In the postdisaster period, this community radio acts as a glue for communication and information dissemination between NonGovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and local governments. Even this community radio can communicate between residents to reduce trauma through community radio or emergency radio. Residents can get entertainment and education because electricity, signals, and other entertainment tools are not necessarily available during a disaster. Until the end of this community radio, the legality of its existence must be required by the government, either through setting up a broadcast revision process or compiling regulations with the Ministry of Communication and Information of the Republic of Indonesia, the Ministry of Home Affairs and the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB). K-Pass FM Radio Katapang made a program about this disaster based on the frequent disasters in the Katapang District and its surroundings. For example, Cilampeni is one of the Katapang subdistrict areas where disasters such as floods, landslides, and fires often occur. This is because the Katapang District is one of the areas that have the lowest land contour in Bandung, where flooding can occur if the rains come continuously and the river overflows because it is clogged. With high water intensity in Katapang District when it rains, water absorption also plays a very important role. On the other hand, the Citarum River in Katapang District is also a major factor in flooding, because it was declared one of the most polluted rivers in the world according to Green Cross Switzerland in 2013. The establishment of K-Pass FM Radio Katapang helps the community to find information about disasters. The program contained in Radio K-Pass FM Katapang itself is divided into on-air and off-air programs. Many people in disasterprone areas expect community radio to help disseminate information about a disaster emergency or post-disaster information. Not only information about disasters, community radio can also go directly to the field to help spread disaster mitigation and trauma healing. In the case of the disaster itself, Radio K-Pass FM Katapang started broadcasting about the disaster and also postponed offair activities by establishing a Rescue School as a medium for disaster activities. Broadcasts made by Radio K-Pass FM Katapang include disseminating information on disaster mitigation, disseminating information when a disaster occurs, and assisting the evacuation and recovery process after a disaster occurs. With these activities, community radio is considered to be helpful. Research conducted to discover how K-Pass FM Radio Katapang community radio in disaster information dissemination based pattern. Radio K-Pass FM Katapang still exists among the local community because of the provision of relevant information and radio programs that can compete with other communication media. This attracted the attention of researchers regarding the pattern of disseminating disaster information on this community radio.

Qualitative research method is the method used in this research. According to Sugiyono (2016), qualitative research methods are a certain form of tradition in social science that fundamentally depends on human observations in their own area and relates to these people in language and terminology. This research is also carried out with a case study research method, where this research focuses on a particular case about community radio to be observed and analyzed carefully to completion. This method was chosen because the basis of this research is to review complex matters, and is in line with the goal of the researchers who want to understand the problem in detail from the sources without any intervention from the researchers. The researchers used probability sampling through interviewed to six resource persons, including community radio managers, people who felt the impact of community radio, and those who follow community radio programs. Informants provide information related to disaster emergency information and the surrounding community affected by the presence of K-Pass FM Radio Katapang, including one of the founders of the community radio, members of the community radio, and people who live around the community radio. The object research is K-Pass FM Radio Katapang. The researcher carried out a series of four stages in the data collection technique. In-depth interview conducted to obtain indepth and complete information. The interviews were conducted through fifteen questions in the form of open-ended questions to produce broad, unbound, and in-depth answers. Interviews were also conducted in person and private, with the authors' interview transcripts. Observation this is done to get an idea of the pattern of disseminating disaster information on Radio K-Pass FM Katapang. The scope of observation of this research was all those involved in providing information on K-Pass FM radio, including the community, administrators, and the environment around the radio. Observations were recorded systemically and then checked or controlled for validity using data analysis techniques. Documentation, this is to complete the data sources. Documentation was used as a complement in the search for data by qualitative research methods. Documentation was obtained by shooting directly at the research site. Literature study, this research uses various literature reviews to support the concepts used. The literature used are books, journals, articles on the internet, e-books, and other written materials both nationally and internationally related to the main issues, namely information, radio, and disasters in Indonesia. The data analysis technique used in processing research data was a technique introduced by Huberman and Miles (2012) which consists of several stages. Data reduction, narrowing the data obtained from the field research process. Data presentation, in this stage the previously reduced data is then presented in various types of matrices, graphs, networks and figures. Drawing conclusions, in this last stage the data that had previously been presented was then drawn a linear conclusion line. In addition, at this stage, reverification is also carried out regarding the compatibility between one data and another.

K-Pass FM Radio Katapang was created because of the need for public information related to information disseminated and accepted by the community itself, therefore disaster information disseminated by Radio K-Pass FM Katapang aims to train awareness and understanding of the people of Katapang Regency so that they can play a role in dealing with disasters and can also help reduce disaster risk. The existence of a disaster broadcasting program made the people of Katapang District begin to understand a little about disasters. In addition, with this program, there will be cooperation between the community and the government to be able to jointly build disaster literacy. The government is the central command in disseminating disaster information, but not all of them can be reached, so community radios are made in various areas based on the desire of the surrounding community to find out more information about disasters. There are several previous studies that discuss the role of community radio in disseminating disaster information. Sedayu (2015) in his research shows that Balerante community radio has a role in the management of the Merapi disaster through integrative communication. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with Balarante Main Radio as the main object of research. Another research is a study by Sjuchro et al., (2019) which raises the issue of Radio Bunut as a disaster community radio in the Sukabumi area. The results of this study reveal that there are three stages of the disaster program broadcast by Radio Bunut: (1) pre-disaster stage, (2) during disaster, (3) post-disaster stage. Talking about the dissemination of disaster information, of course there is a close relationship with the pattern of information dissemination. It is known that based on the research results, the pattern of information dissemination varies depending on the type of information dissemination. In the case of community radio at Radio K-Pass FM Katapang, the pattern of information dissemination is structured and coherent. The pattern of information dissemination on K-Pass FM Radio Katapang is marked by the announcement of information both through off air and on air by the announcer. The process of disseminating disaster information is always checked for information before it is disseminated to the public. This process is carried out so that the information disseminated can be justified and does not become hoax news. The pattern of information dissemination on Radio K-Pass FM Katapang in figure 1. When Radio K-Pass FM Katapang receives information about a disaster, it will be re-checked to ensure that the information is valid for dissemination or not. The re-checking carried out by Radio K-Pass FM Katapang was to ask further where the disaster occurred, when the disaster occurred and how the cause of the disaster could occur. Figure 1. The general pattern of information dissemination on K-Pass FM Radio Katapang Source: Adiyuwono, 2019 This process is carried out so that there are no wrong steps in providing information to the public. Several patterns of disseminating information about disasters carried out on K-Pass FM Ketapang Radio on air are patterns of disseminating information on disaster mitigation, patterns of disseminating information during disasters and postdisaster information. The first pattern is the pattern of disseminating information on disaster mitigation or pre-disaster. Not a few people in Katapang District do not know the meaning of disaster and what characteristics when a disaster occurs. KPass FM Radio Katapang given education about disasters that often occur in Katapang District through media to public. With the information regarding the factors of the occurrence of disasters, the people of Katapang District are expected to be more concerned with the things around them. "Yes, in this disaster mitigation program, we started by delivering information about the characteristics and factors that trigger disasters that are familiar and often occur, such as floods, landslides, hurricanes” (Adiyuwono, Interviewed, November 6, 2019). "Alhamdulillah, it's really helpful in my opinion. People will aware later if there is a disaster, what should they do? To be exact, we know what to do and how to prepare before the disaster occur” (J. Rohman, Interviewed, November 6, 2019). The dissemination program conducted by K-Pass radio was initiated by providing information about the characteristics of the disaster, because if the community already knows the characteristics of a disaster, it will be easier to be alerted when the disaster strikes. Furthermore, providing information to the public regarding disaster mitigation as well as providing information about assistance from the government, because few people were affected by the disaster but it was difficult to get assistance from the Government. Therefore, with the Katapang FM K-Pass Radio, the dissemination of disaster mitigation information from the smallest to the biggest thing will greatly affect the sustainability of people's lives when a disaster occurs. Broadly speaking, the pre-disaster information dissemination pattern in Katapang via Radio K-Pass was described in the following figure. Figure 2. Pattern of pre-disaster information dissemination at Radio K-Pass FM Katapang Source: Adiyuwono, 2019 Next is the pattern of information dissemination when a disaster takes place. With advances in technology, information about disasters can be disseminated very easily. During disasters, K-Pass FM Katapang radio changes its function from an entertainment community radio to informative community radio where they continuously broadcast updates about the disaster. "K-Pass radio has a WhatsApp group for its loyal listeners and in that WhatsApp many of us exchange information about the disaster that is happening. Because we are a kind of limited community radio with very limited signal coverage only in a few areas, so if a disaster occurs in a nearby area it will be easy to spread because many people saw the incident firsthand” (Agus, Interviewed, November 6, 2019). Radio K-Pass FM Katapang appealed to the public to remain calm and to know what the development of the disaster was like. Disasters that occur in the Katapang region can spread quickly because the surrounding area is not far away. With the rapid spread of information, there may be information that corresponds to reality and information that does not. K-Pass FM Radio Katapang often receives voluntary information from the general public. "We're also not trust the raw information. We try our best to double-check the correctness of the information arriving. Yes, so that the news that is spread does not become a hoax. Usually we do this by collecting information from various sources, then we confirm with the people living in the area affected by the disaster” (J. Rohman, Interviewed, November 6, 2019). As technology advances, so does the information transmitted. K-Pass FM Radio can create program content with this information but of course the information must be checked first. K-Pass FM Radio spreads hoax information if it disseminates information quickly without validation. Disaster information carried out by K-Pass FM Radio Katapang is one of the primary needs arising from the frequency of disasters and disaster-prone areas in the Katapang area. “When we are faced with a disaster, we always try our best to always provide the latest information. Whether it's from the evacuation process, to asking for help from outside parties such as the government. Even if it is possible, we even go out into the field to help the affected communities” (Adiyuwono, Interviewed, November 6, 2019). For example, when a major flood hit in 2008, it impacted the destruction of several transportation routes in the Katapang area. At that time, Radio K-Pass FM Katapang wanted to play a role in disseminating flood information and increasing the awareness and enthusiasm of the people in the area to work together to help calm and solve the flood problem quickly. Therefore, Radio Katapang K-Pass FM must always provide a better reflection than other community radios. Broadly speaking, the pattern of disseminating disaster information in Katapang through Radio K-Pass is described in the following figure 3. Figure 3. Patterns of disseminating information during a disaster at Radio K-Pass FM Katapang Source: Adiyuwono, 2019 The last pattern is the post-disaster information dissemination pattern. It is undeniable that there are victims as a result of the disaster. Not only many victims died but also many victims who lost their property and homes. Finally, the pattern of information dissemination on K-Pass FM Radio is the dissemination of post-disaster information. One of which is information on the evacuation of casualties through integrated evacuation. Through this program, they are making the evacuation of victims after a disaster makes all evacuation problems easier. It starts with disseminating information about the whereabouts of the disaster-affected area to the general public, where the victims are being accommodated, and what they need. “We are as much as we can help each other with the community in Katapang. We know how hard it must be after being hit by a disaster, let alone having to lose it. We help for post-disaster trauma recovery. Hopefully that's enough, even though we know what they feel is much more painful. The important thing is that they feel our presence that we are here for them” (Adiyuwono, Interviewed, November 6, 2019). Post-disaster evacuation information delivered through K-Pass FM Radio Katapang is often broadcast. When a disaster occurs, Radio K-Pass FM Katapang will be a medium whose mission is to share information between the community and other stakeholders such as the government. This coordination continues until disaster recovery activities. Some of the information conveyed was the provision of financial assistance, support in the form of environmental improvement, repair of disaster victims, social and economic recovery, restoration of public services, children returning to school, and others. The goal is to enable people to return to normal activities in their daily lives as soon as possible. In general, the pattern of postdisaster information dissemination in Katapang through Radio K-Pass is described in the following figure 4. It was mentioned earlier that the information dissemination program was carried out on air and off air. The process of disseminating disaster information on air is generally delivered following the content that has been created, but when a disaster occurs the broadcast content will turn into a live report regarding the disaster. The disaster that was spread by K-Pass FM Radio Katapang was not far from around Katapang District. In addition to on-air dissemination, there is also an off-air information dissemination program. In the case of disasters, the off-air program is called the Rescue School which was initiated on April 5, 2007. The Rescue School is one of the real actions taken by Radio K-Pass FM in minimizing disasters in Katapang District. This School was created because when a disaster occurs, it requires a team that can immediately bring aid to the disaster site and volunteers are needed at the disaster location. Figure 4. Pattern of post-disaster information dissemination on K-Pass FM Radio Katapang Source: Adiyuwono, 2019 The pattern of disseminating disaster information through the Rescue School includes educational activities (education and understanding of disasters), mitigation efforts (avoiding and minimizing disasters) and efforts to reduce disaster risk (preparedness and disaster management) by holding trauma healing, public kitchens and disaster posts. “As a community, I feel very helped by the existence of this community radio. We ordinary people understand more and be more careful in terms of disaster” (A. Karjiman, Interviewed, November 6, 2019). With the provision of disaster management training, the community of Katapang District is considered to be able to minimize disasters. In addition to disaster mitigation training, the Rescue School also plays a role in disseminating information when a disaster occurs. Assisted by the existence of Radio K-Pass FM, information about the disaster that occurred will be quickly disseminated. The information that spreads quickly will make it easier for certain parties, especially the government, to evacuate victims of natural disasters that occurred in the Katapang District. Information spread quickly will also speed up assistance to victims and anticipate a large number of victims due to disasters. “We built this Rescue School with the aim of educating the public about matters related to disaster events. We are equipped with knowledge about the characteristics and characteristics of a disaster, we also apply disaster mitigation practices to the community. We hope that this will become knowledge for the community to understand more about what to do when facing a disaster, and later be able to help others” (Adiyuwono, Interviewed, November 6, 2019). Establishing a Rescue School can be considered a good step to increase the success of the disaster program on Radio KPass FM. The reason is, the disaster that occurred in the Katapang District area cannot be considered an ordinary natural disaster. There needs to be direct action from the government, public awareness, and help from outsiders. K-Pass FM Radio Katapang is present amid the Katapang District community to become a media for the Katapang District community information system needs that will support disaster management in the Katapang District area. Especially in terms of coordination and dissemination of information involving all parties and supported by adequate infrastructure in disaster emergency response, especially considering the condition of losses and the number of victims that may arise in Indonesia. The role of Katapang FM Radio KPass in conveying disaster information is assessed according to the needs of the community because in the end, it has a positive impact. Among other things, the community will have an empathetic attitude towards others when a disaster strikes and assist in the evacuation and recovery process. The second impact is that the local government knows the procedures for disaster management in the area. The final impact is that the community will know how the signs of a disaster occur and the community will be more alert and prepared when a disaster occurs.

Radio K-Pass FM Katapang has become a community radio that positively impacts society in disseminating information related to disasters. The background for disseminating disaster information on this community radio was the awareness of the local community about the dangers of disasters. K-Pass FM Radio Katapang in disseminating disaster information through three stages, pre, in, and past. This community radio also established a Rescue School which aims to provide knowledge and actions that can be taken by the community in the event of a disaster. Radio K-Pass FM Katapang has become a community radio that has a positive impact on society, making this community radio exist even after almost two decades. Further research plans to be carried out include conducting further research on the pattern of disseminating disaster information in other areas based on observations on K-Pass Radio Katapang. This is in line with the many potential disasters in Indonesia, which of course do not only occur in Katapang Regency, so further research is needed on disaster information. The emergence and use of technology and the presence of social media will, in one way or another, influence how people view community radio and consume information, so more research is needed on community radio and information.