Librarian's perception of open access repository policy in Islamic State University Indonesia

The Open Access (OA) Initiative seeks to open scientific works and research results for the public or the wider community. Research results, especially those funded by the state, should be accessible to the public so that the knowledge becomes meaningful. Understanding the concept of disseminating knowledge to the public and open access to information resources is the goal of the Open Access Initiative. However, only a few people understand such a concept. Furthermore, the understanding between one and the other may be different. The open-access movement in this scientific communication cycle began in the late 1960s and was heavily promoted through the web in the mid-1990s (Priyanto, 2015). However, in Indonesia, this movement needs to be better-socialized. It can be seen from different perceptions given by the academicians on how to manage institutional repositories. However, within the last six years, there has been a significant increase in awareness of the importance of open access. The increase is marked by the proliferation of activities and forums discussing the topic and the number of publications of scientific works, especially open-access journals. The statement that Indonesia is a paradise for open access is not an exaggeration. Several studies that support this argument confirm this statement. Irawan et al., (2018) showed that open access is a severe concern for academics or researchers in Indonesia. Their study stated that Indonesia ranks as the fifth largest journal publisher indexed in DOAJ with a total of 500 journals. Indonesia is also ranked seventh in the number of articles, with more than 51,000 articles in DOAJ (Irawan et al., , 2018). Today, OA consists of two different but complementary models: gold OA and green OA. Gold OA means the author publishes the paper in an OA journal or book supported by an OA publisher. It is freely available to the public. Gold OA does not charge the reader and assigns the costs to the author or charges using other sources of funding such as grants (Björk & Solomon, 2015). In green OA, authors archive a version of their paper and make it publicly available through a variety of repositories. This is usually either a preprint version or the final version after an embargo period. There is also a hybrid model, a variant of gold OA in which the authors publish in traditional subscription based on journals but have the option to offer gold OA to their articles by paying the Article Processing Charge (APC). In terms of access and cost, hybrid journals fit into the gold OA model (Young & Brandes, 2020). The process of scientific journal publishing requires costs. This funding is the responsibility of the author if he wants his work to be open to access, this has become known as APC. On the other hand, if the author cannot meet the required APC, access to the article will be closed (closed access). The implementation of APC has subsequently become a new trend (Zhang, Wei, Huang, & Sivertsen, 2022) and a choice in implementing OA, although there are still journal publishers who waive APC to authors and still open access to journal content to the public. The study analyzed global trends in APC payments for publications by combining observed publishing trends from 2015 to 2020 with APC price lists. APC spending increased sharply among six countries with different OA policies: the United States, China, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and Norway. Estimated global revenues from APC among major publishers now exceed 2 billion US dollars per year. Trends show a shift towards APC-based OA as a more profitable business model. Research publications will be closed to those who cannot make payments to the publisher. The research results led to a discussion of whether APC is the best way to promote OA (Zhang et al., 2022). The proliferation of journal publications through the Open Journal System (OJS) platform is in line with the emergence of institutional repositories as open-access media. An Institutional Repository (IR) is a form of self-identity of an institution that the public can access. Higher education IR is a medium for managing and delivering institutional products, especially scientific works, so that the community can utilize them. Scientific works of the academic community, students, lecturers, and employees, in various formats, are ideally available online and can be easily accessed by those who need them. Also theses, dissertations, and the works of lecturers are expected to give a contribution. However, there are still many pros and cons regarding the implementation of the OAR policy in Indonesia. Some repositories open full access for their readers (UINSA and UINMA repository), some repositories only present an introduction and close their research results (UIN SUKA Yogyakarta repository), and others impose an embargo (UNAIR and ITS repository) for their latest publications. In contrast to Irawan et al. (2018), who are pretty optimistic about Indonesia's rank in the publication of DOAJ-indexed journals, the management of the repository, on the contrary, shows concern. Priyanto (2015) mentioned that only 33 Indonesian institutional repositories are registered with OpenDOAR. This number is small compared to the number of universities in Indonesia as academic repository management institutions. This data indicates institutional repository managers' low readiness and awareness of open access. Institutional repositories, which universities mostly manage, have an essential role in publishing academic works to the wider community. Even though there are many institutional repositories, based on research conducted by Priyanto (2015), there are still very few Indonesian repositories registered with international open-access repository indexers, such as OpenDOAR. During his dissertation research, Priyanto (2015) stated that only 33 Indonesian institutional repositories are indexed in OpenDOAR. The need for indexed Repositories by OPENDOAR and ROAR is due to various factors, one of which is the readiness of librarians as institutional repository managers. Pros and cons in understanding open access can be seen from differences in repository management. The application of access policies to institutional repositories in Indonesia varies widely, ranging from fully open access, opening certain sections, open with an embargo, and open at certain times. However, there is almost an agreement that developing the repository is very useful and important. One of the essential benefits and functions of open access is that it can reduce the practice of plagiarism. This is in line with the results study that one of the efforts to minimize the level of plagiarism in Indonesia is by having an Open Access Institutional Repository (OAIR). OAIR is an institutional repository platform that contains scientific works with open access to the public (Wahyudin, 2020). The various models of repository access management in Indonesia are interesting to be studied further. The difference in policies for implementing open access in this repository is due to the different perceptions in understanding the purpose of open access, both in the perception of the office holder and the librarian. Arwendria and Oktavia (2019) conducted research on the perception of librarians in managing institutional repositories in the development of the IR of Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Imam Bonjol Padang. In a mixed-method study, the authors conclude that lecturers do not believe in librarians' competencies to be involved in scientific communication. Meanwhile, librarians are busy with collection development tasks and need help understanding their role in the scholarly communication process (Arwendria & Oktavia, 2019). Librarians' perceptions are related to strategies that a librarian can provide in responding to the phenomenon of library transformation (Ruhukail & Koerniawati, 2021). Additionally, students' perceptions of open access have been studied several times (Harumiaty & Turwulandari, 2018; Noeraida et al., 2021), so librarians' perceptions of OA are also very important. Librarians' perceptions of OA can be studied through an understanding of the definition of OA, the benefits of OA, their repository access policies, and their role in repository management. Priyanto (2015) explained the various benefits of OA, and the highest benefit is first, preventing plagiarism and duplication of research; second, as a medium for the publication of scientific work by academics, which can then be utilized properly by both internal and external stakeholders. Third, as repository managers, librarians have an important role in promoting open access. This study explores Islamic State University Indonesia or Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri (PTKIN) librarians' perception regarding implementing the institutional open access repository policy. The importance of the librarian's role as one of the information workers in implementing open access is seen in the management of this repository. For this reason, knowing their perception of open access will provide an overview of Indonesia's readiness for implementing this open access policy. This research aimed to find out the various patterns of institutional repository access policies at Islamic State University Indonesia and to find out Indonesian Islamic State University librarians' perception of the institutional repositories' open-access policy.

This study used a mixed-method approach, which combined both qualitative and quantitative approaches in a study. Research on perceptions was more appropriate with a qualitative approach. However, to provide a comprehensive picture of the implementation of the OA repository policy, it needed to be supported by quantitative data. For that reason, the authors needed both approaches, quantitative and qualitative, in this research. The subject area in this study was the Islamic State University Indonesia. Based on data from Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia (2018) there are 847 Islamic State University Indonesia (PTKIN), with details of 58 Islamic State University Indonesia and 789 Private Islamic Universities (PTKIS). Sampling was carried out using a sampling area assumed to represent Islamic State University Indonesia spread throughout Indonesia, divided into four large areas. Region 1 was for Java, Madura, Bali, NTT, and NTB, then Region 2 was for South Kalimantan, North, West, East, Pontianak, Palangkaraya, and Samarinda. Region 3, was for Sumatra, Jambi, Riau, Metro, Bengkulu, and Aceh. The last Region, region 4, was for Sulawesi, Maluku, and Gorontalo. The data of Islamic State University Indonesia librarians based on the distribution of librarians on the recommendation of the Grand Design of Islamic State University Indonesia librarians is 416 people. Participants in this study were 10% of the total number (42 people). Table 1 presents details of the participant data. Table 1 Number of participants by mapping Indonesian Islamic State University Indonesia Region Area Participant Region 1 22 Person Region 2 7 Person Region 3 9 Person Region 4 4 Person Number of Participants 42 Person Source: Processed data, 2022 The data were analyzed manually using interview and questionnaire techniques. Qualitative data were collected through interviews or interviews with participants, allowing us to understand what they do. Using face-to-face interviews and interactions, such as focus groups can explore a particular research phenomenon and may help in clarifying a less-well-understood problem, situation, or context (Sutton & Austin, 2015). Interviews revealed deeper information from the experiences and opinions of participants. Data were analyzed using a descriptive analysis model to describe the policy patterns and perceptions of librarians or head librarians towards Open Access (OA) repositories. It should be noted that this research is limited to Islamic State University Indonesia, which, according to data from Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia (2018) there are 58 institutions, with details of 29 UIN, 24 IAIN, and 5 STAIN. So, PTKIS was not included in this study.

The pattern of the Islamic State University Indonesia open access repository policy in this study was the choice of access model applied by the Islamic State University Indonesia repository to users or the public in accessing the repository. There were three access models that the authors identified: full-text or fully open access, open-to-access parts of documents, and open-to-access abstract and metadata. The pattern of the Islamic State University Indonesia open-access repository policy is illustrated in figure 1. Figure 1. The Pattern of Islamic State University Indonesia (PTKIN) access repository policy Source: Result of research, 2022 Figure 1 explains three patterns; the first pattern is Full-text or Full Open Access. The user/community can access full repository documents. Access is opened freely without being required to log in and is free from any conditions. The study results showed that 63% of the PTKIN repositories adopted a Full Open Access policy. The second is open parts of the document. The user/community can access the document repository only in specific sections and chapters; the others are closed. The accessible and inaccessible parts of documents are the institution's policy and vary from institution to institution. Most institutions open abstracts, Chapter I, and bibliography, but some open all documents except the research results section. This pattern can be categorized into four categories as follows: first, Close all but Chapter I (at UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung); second, Open all but Chapters II and IV (at UIN Imam Bonjol Padang); third, Open all but the results and discussion (at UIN Sultan Syarief Kasim Riau), fourth, Close all but Chapter I and the Conclusion (at UIN Suka Yogyakarta, IAIN Sjt Cirebon), and the last, Close all but Chapters I and II (at UIN Raden Intan Lampung). Table 2 Repository access parts of document Institution URL of repository Open Closed UIN SGD Bandung http://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id/ Chapter II Chapter II, III, IV, V, and Bibliography UIN Imam Bonjol Padang http://repository.uinib.ac.id/ Chapters I, III, V Chapter II, IV UIN Suska Riau http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/ Chapter I, II, V, Bibliography Chapters III, IV UIN Suka Yogyakarta and IAIN Syeh Nurjati Cirebon https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/ http://repository.syekhnurjati.ac.id Chapter I, Conclusion, Bibliography Chapter II, III, IV, V, etc. UIN Raden Intan Bandar Lampung http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/ Chapters I, II, Bibliography Chapters III, IV, V. Source: Data processing result, 2022 The third pattern is Open, consisting of abstracts and metadata. This model provides very limited access to the public. They can only access the bibliography without knowing the research results except those described in the abstract. This pattern is applied in UIN Samarinda (https://repository.uinsi.ac.id) and IAIN Palopo http://repository.iainpalopo.ac.id. The repository management institution still needed to commit to implementing the OA repository. Repositories existed only to complete institutional portals, not to share products as a contribution of knowledge to society. The access policy pattern data showed that although there were still many Islamic State University Indonesia repositories that did not fully implement OA, the number of repositories that implemented Full OA already dominated, namely 63%. It is the role of the librarian, both as the head of the library and as a repository manager. A librarian who has a library education background can greatly influence the pattern of policies he/she takes. This could be seen from the participants whose heads of libraries were librarians or educated in library science, so the repository access policy pattern was full OA. It also could be seen at UIN Syarief Hidayatullah Jakarta, UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, UIN Alaudin Makasar, UIN Walisongo Semarang, and UIN Purwokerto. Whereas Islamic State University Indonesia, whose head librarian was not a librarian or did not have a library education background, tended to apply the second pattern, which was open to some documents, and closed to certain chapters. This was like what happened to IAIN Syeh Nurjati Cirebon, and UIN SGD Bandung, and UIN Raden Intan Lampung. Alternatively, even a third pattern that only opened abstracts and metadata, such as the repository of UIN Samarinda and IAIN Palopo. Perception of an open-access repository can be described by understanding the definition and important concepts of the open-access repository that are the main parts of its understanding (Sheikh, 2020; Irawan et al., 2018). There are five aspects to build the definition of OAR. The first is no charge (free); The second is available for the public (not restricted by specific communities or special access rules); The third, everyone is permitted to read, download, print, search, and index the documents as data; Then, the fourth is using the documents for other lawful purposes; and the last aspect is all documents are accessible (not only some of them). Based on interview results with informants about OAR, Islamic State University Indonesia librarians' understanding was grouped into these five aspects. Respondents' answers indicated no difference in participants' understanding of the first and fourth aspects. They agreed that OAR was appropriate at no cost or free of charge and used for other lawful purposes. There were many differences in understanding other aspects. The last aspect of the most debate between them was the obligation to open all documents. Twelve people, or 30% of participants who were librarians and even Islamic State University Indonesia leaders, did not agree on this aspect. The results showed that four participants thought it was necessary to close some documents from the repository to minimize plagiarism or other purposes. They argued that closing certain parts of the work is an effort to reduce plagiarism. However, most participants (65%) preferred the implementation of OA in their institutional repository. Participants support OA with an understanding in the five aspects. Participant SH agree in order to disseminate research results openly and globally. Participant UN said that other people with open access can use the information and knowledge contained in the scientific work. Open access for participant is very appropriate in the context of scientific communication. Participant SS agree that OA can provide input to other researchers to conduct new research. Participant MF has same opinion with it because OA give easy access to scientific progress; all works are sourced from public funds. So, for participant KA, all institutional repositories should have open access. Participant MH said that, if OA limited open, it is not the principle of OA. The managers can introduce the benefits of OA to other managers who so far have disagreed with the OA policy. The participants' comments were only the first step for managers to introduce the benefits. The librarians' understanding of OA, especially in the repository, indicated the five aspects of OA provisions. Even though some of the Islamic State University Indonesia repositories did not implement OA, it could not be said that it was because the librarians did not understand OA due to other factors outside the librarians, such as the leader's policy. MH's comments showed that even though librarians were aware of the importance of OA, they did not succeed in convincing the leadership to decide on a full OA policy for their institutional repository. The librarians used the implementation of access parts of documents as a strategy to advocate and socialize about OAR to leaders. On the other hand, the authors also found several reasons indicating a lack of support for OAR from Islamic State University Indonesia librarians, although not as many as those who agreed. Their reasons are data security, plagiarism, and effectiveness, in line with Fitzgerald and Jiang (2020). Participants' answers about disapproving or not supporting OAR in below this. Participant SF disagree with OA with reasons, example limited space and data security. Participant HAC disagree with OA with reasons that less effective as reference material. Participant LR has disagree opinion too with OA because OA can reduce the practice of plagiarism. Participant KH said that agree on Chapter 1, and after the closing (last Chapter) is fully open, and the content chapter is restricted (closed) because there are some authors of the work, and further research will be carried out. The understanding of OA from document integrity was a disagreement among librarians. Even though most believed that it must be opened fully. Some librarians thought it was unnecessary. The disagreement over the integrity aspect of the document was more considerable than the dispute about having to open a repository. The discussion on the pros and cons regarding implementing OA, whether full OA or part of a document, was an exciting debate. Islamic State University Indonesia librarians pretty much followed both opinions. Those who agreed with full open access were mostly for reasons of easy access to information, although some argued for the ease of storing or managing the repository. Whereas those who preferred to open some documents reasoned for data security, anticipating the impact of plagiarism, and reasons for limited information technology human resources. Of course, these reasons would not be conveyed if they had a comprehensive understanding of OA and the benefits of OA. This means that in the development of the repository, there is no equalization of perception and understanding of OA (Harliansyah, 2017). One of the benefits of open repository access is to avoid plagiarism and duplication of research work. This benefit has also become the understanding of some Islamic State University Indonesia librarians, which is shown in the participant's opinion. Participants have opinion in benefits of open repository access. Open acces repository for participant UA can providing broad access, avoiding plagiarism, and sharing knowledge for knowledge production. Based on participant SP, policy number 4 can provide full access to avoid plagiarism. Participant AW agree that turnitin is now available. Participant SW and NS have opinion about plagiarism. Application detector plagiarism can minimize plagiarism. If student’s plagiarize, there is already Turnitin to detect. Participant AA agree that open access repository, because because it will be useful for future researchers, and it will be easier to find out when other people plagiarize it. On the other hand, there were still Islamic State University Indonesia librarians who had the understanding that using an OA repository would facilitate plagiarism. This misunderstanding still colored the perceptions of Islamic State University Indonesia librarians, although they did not dominate. The results showed that some librarians considered that opening only part of documents and closing other parts would be able to prevent or reduce the practice of plagiarism. Meaning they still thought that OA or full OA would facilitate the practice of plagiarism. They were of the opinion that the officer or librarian who managed the repository also had a responsibility to avoid or prevent plagiarism by closing some documents. Awareness of plagiarism is indeed a shared responsibility, including librarians and repository managers. However, trying to prevent plagiarism by closing some source documents is not appropriate. Precisely by opening all the content of sources will make it easier for us to detect early plagiarism practices. With technological sophistication, currently, there are many plagiarism detection software that can be utilized. Closing some of the reference documents makes it more difficult to detect plagiarism using the plagiarism check tool. Instead, what should be built into the understanding of librarians, repository managers, and institutional leaders about the function and benefits of the OA repository? The process of aligning perceptions and understanding the functions and benefits of OA is one of the strategies that institutions must follow in developing repositories. The main goal of OA is the dissemination of information. It was an honor that most of the participants, namely 18 people, gave the reasons for implementing the OA repository in their institution for easy access to information and dissemination of information as well as the development of knowledge. As many as eight people argued that OA was carried out for the benefit of spreading knowledge, avoiding plagiarism, and developing knowledge. While the remaining ten people prioritized ease of access as the main benefit of Open Access Repository (OAR). The correlational relationship between librarian perceptions and patterns of repository access policies was apparent from the results of this research. A number of 65% of librarians agreed with OA; that was also the number of repositories that implemented full OAR, or 63%. So, it could be said that building policies needed to start with building perceptions. Perception is the basic force that will become the foundation for implementing a policy. Some of the problems that often arose in implementing OAR in the Islamic State University Indonesia environment were copyright transfers. In managing institutional repositories, it was necessary to have clarity on the status of the transfer of scientific work copyrights that would become repository content. The aim was to avoid disputes related to copyright in the future and ensure that no party was harmed. There are two ways to transfer this process: mandatory and asking for permission from the author (Kardi, 2019; Wahyudin, 2020). Each of these two approaches has advantages and disadvantages, which can be used as a consideration for managers to choose one. The mandatory approach makes it easy for managers to process uploads because they no longer wait for permission from the author. However, arriving at the regulatory decision of the leadership, which obliges all community members to upload their works to the repository, requires a long struggle. On the other hand, managers may not wait for the regulation to be published if they choose the direct copyright transfer approach with the author's permission. However, this process requires the managers' patience in each transaction, and it is not certain that all authors agree. Moreover, based on the repository manager at UIN Alaudin Makasar (HL) and IAIN Purwokerto (AN), most librarians or repository managers were reluctant to deal with protests from the public as research informants or respondents who objected to publication. Similar cases often occurred in several repositories. The design of institutional repository access requires collaboration between librarians and researchers to equalize perceptions. A study highlights the disconnect between university researchers and librarians when it comes to OAR. Researchers and librarians both have increasing demands on their time, with librarians often viewing problems from an instructional or governance perspective, while researchers view them as other demands on their time. It requires greater collaboration between researchers and librarians to move towards open access and better use of institutional repositories (Narayan & Luca, 2017). Homework closely related to the successful implementation of OAR in the Islamic State University Indonesia environment included guidelines on research ethics and ongoing guidelines from supervisors to students in writing their final assignments. It had quite a significant impact on the implementation of the OA repository due to various reasons for closing access to the Islamic State University Indonesia repository content, including the lack of institutional attention to research ethics. Writing the final assignment (final project, thesis, dissertation) that did not pay attention to aspects of research ethics affected the application of open-access repositories. The content of the final project, which should have considered the aspects of data protection for sources, the identity of the institution, and findings that were negative for the institution, was very at risk of causing complaints if uploaded openly. It was often the cause of pulling back content that was uploaded. This research ethics case was also the cause of several large Islamic State University Indonesia repositories not implementing full OA for their repositories. The absence of research ethics guidelines at Islamic State University Indonesia was an obstacle that must be immediately solved for the development of the application of OA within the Islamic State University Indonesia environment. According to the repository development strategy by Harliansyah (2017), managing the repository must prepare a remarkable strategy for developing open access policies, including guiding the process of creating ethical guidelines for writing scientific papers (final assignments) at their respective institutions. At a minimum, the librarian or head of the library conveys the urgency of research ethics in the writing process and its long-term effects. The effect of implementing OAR can be seen from its impact in increasing the number of citations (Wheeler, Pham, Arlitsch, & Shanks, 2022), which will influence the university's webometric ranking. (Pampel et al., 2013). Universities should do control and evaluate periodically to the respository (Hamim, Abdullah, & Mu'awanah, 2019). Student’s can open access the repository without problem.

Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the majority of Islamic State University Indonesia repositories implement full open access, with 63% repositories. The presentation pattern of the Islamic State University Indonesia repository data is dominated by one full file open for access, with 58% of repositories implementing this policy. The results also show that Islamic State University Indonesia librarians' perception of OAR is based on their understanding of these five aspects that build the definition of OAR. They agree that OAR is appropriate to be free of charge and be used for other legal purposes. However, there are many differences in understanding other aspects. The last aspect of the most debate between them is the obligation to open all documents. Twelve people, or 30% of the participants, who are librarians and even Islamic State University Indonesia leaders, do not agree on this aspect. This study also finds that a librarian with a library education background greatly influences the pattern of policies he/she takes. Universities whose heads of libraries are librarians or educated in library science follow the full OA repository access policy pattern. The open-access repository policy is also influenced and determined by university leaders; for this reason, there is a need for further research on the perceptions of Indonesian Islamic university leaders regarding open-access repositories.