Comparison of Data Security and User Privacy on Instagram and Twitter: A Literature Study

As reported through the We Are Social page, social media users as of 2023 will reach 4.76 billion worldwide, equivalent to 60% of the total global population. In Indonesia, as of January 2023, social media users will reach 213 million of Indonesia's total population at the beginning of 2023 (We Are Social, 2023). With so many social media users, it certainly does not make Indonesia avoid various problems. Often, the problems that arise are always related to personal data leakage caused by third parties, and most data will be misused for negative things. Based on We Are Social & Hootsuite (2021), it was found that 64% of the entire Indonesian population is connected to the internet. This is considered if it does not rule out the possibility for third parties to access illegally so that there is the potential for data leakage. According to data from the Indonesian Consumer Institution Foundation (YLKI), in 2019, there were 106 cases of data theft in the banking sector. Meanwhile, on May 21, 2021, news of the leak of personal data occurred again in Indonesia with as many as 279 million victims, and the data was successfully sold on the “Raid Forums” (https://www.aa.com.tr). Additionally, the Indonesian National Police recorded 1409 fraud cases caused by the leakage of personal data from social media users. When viewed through Hoosuite.com data as of January 2021, Indonesia's number of Instagram users reached 85 million. Meanwhile, Napoleon Cat reported that in October 2021, Instagram users in Indonesia recorded 91 million. From the two data above, there was a significant increase in the number of users from Instagram users, which was as much as 6 million within 9 months. The large increase in social media users has caused concerns about data security and user privacy in Indonesia and the possibility of personal data leakage to third parties. Data security and privacy are needed by social media users because these two things are a unity that holds full control over all personal information. All information attached to oneself is sensitive and should not be spread illegally because it can be misused, leading to negative things. If based on facts, many Indonesians, especially social media users, are still not fully aware of the importance of maintaining the confidentiality and security of their data. The use of social media is also not recommended excessively, especially in accessing new things that can endanger the security of personal data. Social media is one of the social networking sites that users can use for all forms of communication or exchanging information. Based on Boyd & Ellison's (2007) opinion, in its function as a means of exchanging information, social media is divided into several groups, including blogs and microblogs such as Twitter and social networking sites such as Instagram and other social media. Social media has many types, which almost have the same function: sharing information to interact with each other. With so many types of social media available, this paper only focuses on reviewing literature whose focus of writing is only on Instagram and Twitter social media. Both of these social media are quite popular among the general public. With its ability to expand social networks, Instagram and Twitter can attract the general public to use the application continuously and disseminate various information. In addition, social media can only function properly if users have registered an account and first input personal information and data, such as name, gender, email address, and phone number. With the increase in users, more information and personal data are collected. Thus, risks that can threaten users, especially regarding data security and privacy in social media, are increasing. Issues related to data security and user privacy are important to pay attention to. Various negative impacts, such as identity theft, the spread of false information, and even cyberattacks, result in users understanding the nature of social media use well. Data security and privacy have become crucial to maintaining information and data privacy. Various efforts have been made through data security measures that users can understand and carry out. Such as compiling unique passwords, activating Two Factor Authentication (2FA), and connecting other social media accounts. Knowing that as social media is a social networking service, problems, and even data security and privacy crimes will still arise when the system continues to run. According to Moallem, users' understanding of risk and how to protect themselves from cyberattacks is fundamental in modern life (Bhatnagar & Pry (2020). Various content used on social media can also pose a risk of data security threats. However, this is also inseparable from user negligence, where they often accidentally and unknowingly press certain links that lead to fake URLs, which then, on the fake URLs, users are directed to provide confidential information such as usernames and passwords. Another common threat is the spread of malware that can damage the device system, resulting in information leakage. Based on previous research findings, it was found that the cause of cyber security problems is usually the user himself. Therefore, in this case, individual consciousness becomes the most important thing. This paper addresses the following research questions, with the data gathered from electronic databases, specifically electronic journals. Consequently, the research question examined how data security and privacy levels compare between Instagram and Twitter. Accordingly, this article intends to perform a literature review comparing the data security and privacy of Instagram and Twitter, serving as a foundation for future research. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform users about the relative safety of their personal information on these platforms and to guide developers in enhancing security measures.

This research was conducted using a qualitative approach, namely a literature study. Through analysis of relevant literature, this method increases understanding of social media data security and privacy issues. Data were collected from various literature, such as books, journals, and scientific papers, and then selected to identify patterns found in those literature sets. In this study, the author obtained three works of literature on the same topic. The research is written by academic standards, such as citing and respecting the copyright of reference sources. Research may have limitations because data discovery may not include all reference sources, so bias may occur. Table 1. Research strategy No. Database Keywords 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Scopus Web of Science Google Scholar Sage Journal IEEE Science Direct Research Gate "privacy and security" AND "social media" AND "case study" "security and privacy" AND ("Twitter" AND "Instagram" OR "social media") "security and privacy" AND "social media" “security and privacy" AND "social media" AND "Instagram" AND "Twitter" security and privacy of Twitter and Instagram comparing user privacy and data security on social media social media security and privacy This study implements the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram illustrating the selection of studies for the present systematic review based on research by Abhinav et al. (2023)Figure 1. Data selection process with the PRISMA model The databases used to obtain journal articles include Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, Sage Journal, ScienceDirect, and Research Gate. This data was collected from several articles on data security and privacy on Instagram and Twitter from 2007 to 2023. After finding relevant journal articles, the author carries out a process of eliminating information to find out the quality, relevance, and state of information contained in scientific papers. 95 articles that the author managed to find. After selection through the abstract presented, the author gets a scientific article for data analysis. The results of an in-depth analysis of the author's scientific work will be interpreted and re-elaborated using descriptions and tables to provide a clear and structured understanding. Presenting the results in the form of paragraphs and tables simultaneously will provide a comprehensive understanding and effectively convey this research's results to readers.

The development of the internet and communication technology also accompanies various kinds of innovations from new sources of information that are friendly to users. Various uses of the internet in fulfilling information have been widely done by users, especially on social media. The number of social media users who experience an increase in numbers from time to time shows that social media is considered capable of meeting the information needs of its users. The widespread use of social media makes it often found problems that cause many negative impacts. Identity theft, data misuse, and even phishing and malware attacks can cause a lot of harm to victims of social media crime. In social media, all data collected into one can be exploited if it is in the wrong hands. However, some users are less concerned about data security and the privacy of their data that has entered the system of social media platforms. Research by Hafidz et al. (2017) has found that the average social media user is a student in the category of teenagers who use their rest and sleep time for the internet and browsing through Instagram. In addition to Instagram, Twitter has skyrocketed in users because of its role in displaying trend information. According to Mistry (2011), Twitter is a social networking service that allows users to share real-time information by posting their experiences and thoughts. Even though there have been many negative impacts that are seen directly, such as threats, dissemination of personal photos, misuse of personal identity, and so on. From various scientific articles that have become a reference for this research, 25 suitable research articles were found. The following data findings are described in the table below. Table 1. Previous research data No. Title Author Year Result 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 History of Information: The case of Privacy and Security in Social Media Social Networking Privacy-Who's Stalking You? Detecting Anomalies in Twitter Stream for Public Security Issues. Social Function: Integrating Twitter and Instagram for Event Monitoring. An Assessment Cram on Security Issue of Fake Identity Behavior in Social Media Security Issues in Social Media: Challenges and Solutions Why do College Students Prefer Facebook, Twitter or Instagram? Site Affordances, Tensions Between Privacy and Self-Expression, and Implications for Social Capital Impact of User Awareness, Trust, and Privacy Concern on Sharing Personal Information on Social Media Rise of spam and compromised accounts in online social networks: A state-of-the-art review of different combating approaches Dimitris Gritzalis, Miltiadis Kandias, Vasilis Stavrou, and Lilian Mitrou Diane Gan and Lily R. Jenkins Flora Amato, Giovanni Cozzolino, Antonino Mazzeo and Sara Romano Prasanna Giridhar, Shiguang Wang, Tarek Abdelzaher, Tanvir Al Amin, Lance Kaplan Deepak Dashora and Ashok Kumar Jetawat Mardin A. Anwer, Rina Dinkha Zarro, and Kamaran Hama Ali Faraj Christina Shane Simpson, Adriana Manago, Naomi Gaggi, Kristen Gillespie-Lynch Valentinus Paramarta, Muhammad Jihad, Ardhian Dharma, Ika Chandra Hapsari, Puspa Indahati Sandhyaduhita, Achmad Nizar Hidayanto Ravneet Kaur, Sarbjeet Singh, Harish Kumar 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2017 2018 2018 2018 Instagram and Twitter offer user privacy settings to control who can see their content, but users are often unaware that the information shared could pose a threat. On Twitter, users must actively change settings to protect their privacy. Instagram introduced two-factor authentication and allowed users to set their accounts to private. The Twitter application still needs many additional features to detect various dangerous events, especially crime or user security. Instagram is safer than Twitter. This can be seen from the location access provided by Instagram by 15% and Twitter by 1.5%. So it can be concluded that Instagram pays more attention to the security of its users. Instagram and Twitter are equally vulnerable to creating fake identities, such as names, ages, genders, locations, email addresses, and contact numbers to deceive other users. Both platforms Instagram and Twitter are equally vulnerable to security threats, such as identity theft and the creation of fake accounts because there are not adequate authentication and authorization checks in place. Instagram is safer than Twitter. This shows that Instagram users are more likely to choose this platform because of its visual features. Twitter users tend to be individualistic and more likely to set their profiles public. From this research, it was found that Instagram is safer than Twitter. Twitter has its ever-evolving detection methods and tools to address security issues. Meanwhile, Instagram as part of the Facebook ecosystem utilizes the "Facebook Immune System". 10 Improve the Security of Social Media Accounts 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Effects of privacy policy visualization on users' information privacy awareness level The case of Instagram Enhancing Social Networking in Smart Cities: Privacy and Security Borderlines An Effective Approach to Mobile Device Management: Security and Privacy Issues Associated with Mobile Applications Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram: The Privacy Challenges Influencing Photo Sharing Decisions on Social Media:A Case of Paradoxial Findings Information Privacy Concerns Among Instagram Users: The Case of Indonesian College Students The Fragmented Self: Having Multiple Accounts in Instagram Usage Practice among Indonesian Youth Enterprise Credential Spear-phishing attack detection Online Profiling of Social Network Platforms: Twitter vs. Twitter Instagram Towards the creation of a profile of the information privacy aware user through a systematic literature review of information privacy awareness My Social Network: Group Differences in Frequently of Use, Active Use, and Interactive Use on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Ruslan Shevchuk and Yaroslav Pastukh Aikaterini Soumelidou and Aggeliki Tsohou Vaia Moustaka, Zenonas Theodisiou, Athena Vakali, Anastasis Kounoudes Darren Hayes, Francesco Cappa, Nhien An Le-Khac Amira Farah Abdul Rashid, Zarul Fitri Zaaba Mary Jean Amon, Rakibul Hasan, Kurt Hugenberg, Bennettl. Bertenthal, and Apu Kapadia. Eko Wahyu Tyas Darmaningrat, Hanim Maria Astuti, and Fadhila Alfi Mashita Phitaloka Fandia Purwaningtyas and Desti Ayu Alicya Yuosuf Al-Hamar, Hoshang Kolivand, Mostafa Tajdini, Tanzila Saba, and Varatharajan Ramachandran Veruska Ayora, Flavio Horita, and Carlos Kamienski Aikaterini Soumelidou and Aggeliki Tshohou Tal Laor 2019 2019 2019 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2021 2022 Instagram provides reporting tools for users to report suspicious activity or content that violates our community guidelines. Instagram already enforces a social media privacy policy by providing necessary information about data collection and use, but many users tend to avoid reading it. According to this study, the Twitter application is stated to be safer than Instagram. This can be seen in terms of threats to security and privacy on the Twitter application less than Instagram. This study found Instagram has more weaknesses compared to Twitter. Therefore twitter is superior to Instagram. Based on this article, Instagram and Twitter have similarities in terms of privacy and data security. Instagram and Twitter both have privacy settings to control who can see content from users. Instagram gives you the option to approve or reject new followers on private accounts. Users can also control comments and tags on their photos, and have the option to report or block other unwanted users. Users of both platforms can have more than one account for increased security and privacy. Users can manage and restrict access to their personal information. There are differences in the effectiveness of different email security systems between Instagram and Twitter in detecting phishing attacks. On Instagram, data permissions are tightened platform policies are updated, and regularly evaluate app access to user permissions. While on Twitter, the algorithm on the platform continues to be improved, transparency and accountability. Instagram allows users to manage their data usage with third-party apps. Twitter provides control over the use of data for advertising and allows users to opt out of viewing sensitive content. Twitter application is safer than the Instagram application. This is shown by the composition of Twitter users presenting less personal data. Unlike Instagram, which is often used to post something about users. 22 23 24 25 Study of Security and Privacy Measures on Twitter and Instagram The mediating role of perceived risks and benefits when self disclosing: A study of social media trust and FoMO Securing online accounts and assets: An examination of personal investments and protection motivation Privacy Protection Strategies on Social Media. Fatin Izzati bint Fammy Rikzan and Mohd Khair Udin Kasiran Karl van der Schyff and Stephen Flowerday Obi Ogbanufe Muhammad Zulfahmi, Anthony Elsandi, Aldizar Apriliansyah The study's finding is that Instagram and Twitter both offer settings to protect their accounts from unwanted access. Privacy allows users to control private or public visibility. 2023 2023 2023 Instagram, which is owned by Meta, has privacy features such as personal account settings and the ability to control who can see users' posts and stories. However, Instagram does not have an audience selector feature. Instagram and Twitter both offer security features, such as two-factor authentication (2FA) or multi-factor authentication (MFA), which can prevent 99.9% of account hacks. In this study, Instagram and Twitter tend to be the same. Various studies have shown that Instagram and Twitter have different data security and privacy design systems. However, between the two, pay attention to maintaining security and user privacy through the features in the application. In addition, there are also differences in the effectiveness of the security system between the two social media platforms

A comparative analysis of 25 journal articles on data security and privacy on two popular social media platforms, Instagram and Twitter, found that each platform has advantages and weaknesses regarding data security and user privacy. In addition, both platforms have security systems designed to protect their users despite differences in the effectiveness of those systems. Through a comprehensive analysis of the literature, the study found answers to the research question that Instagram has advantages in data security and privacy compared to Twitter, which is supported by several related studies. Despite this, users should still be wary of threats such as phishing. Therefore, users are advised to develop effective strategies that include user education, activation of two-factor authentication, stricter privacy settings, regular password changes, and monitoring of account activity to prevent data security and privacy threats. The limitations of this study mainly lie in data collection methods that rely on electronic databases that may not include all relevant reference sources, which may lead to bias in data discovery. In addition, eliminating information the author carries out to determine the quality and relevance of scientific articles may also affect the study's final results. The study also uses a qualitative approach through literature studies, which, while enabling a deeper understanding of social media data security and privacy issues, do not provide quantitative data that can be used to measure or compare data security and privacy levels directly. Thus, it is hoped that future research can provide more relevant and up-to-date recommendations, which will greatly benefit users in maintaining their data security and privacy in an ever evolving digital world.