BLOCKCHAIN IMPLEMENTATION TRENDS IN DIGITAL ARCHIVES: BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Archive storage in digital form is one alternative solution to manual record management practices. The inevitable impact of the modernization process in the digital era is the emergence of information in electronic form, or digitalization trends (Fitri 2020). This digitalization trend provides easy access and makes archives more awake. Archive security can also be offered with blockchain technology. Blockchain technology systems can store data decentralized throughout the network so that existing data cannot be changed by one party without the consent of the other party (Suryawijaya 2023). One example of the use of blockchain technology is in cryptocurrency, with 5,048 types of blockchain cryptocurrencies and 212,909 users spread throughout the world (Hermawan and Maukar 2021). Basically, a blockchain is a database of records of all transactions or digital information storage events that have been executed and shared among participating parties. In a blockchain system, transactions that occur need to be verified by the majority of users, so they cannot be deleted except by removing the entire system from scratch. Blockchain also has features that can be accessed directly by users without having to worry about the security of their data, because in the blockchain system, there is transparency in all processes carried out (Dimas 2023). Thus, blockchain technology can be implemented in various areas of life, especially in digital archives. Digital archives are one of the innovations in the field of archives that are widely applied in the current era because digital archives are considered to be able to better protect material from an archive. Digitization of an archive is a process by which documents or images will be available electronically to reduce wear and tear and extend the life of an archive or document. Archives in digital form are also more suitable for use because of their use in the current era, which demands speed of sharing, ease of access, and flexibility in networking. Of the many advantages of using digital archives, there is no need for the possibility of the risks that follow, such as those in terms of security. The data security of an individual or organization is very important to be protected so that data or documents do not have loopholes in attempts at theft or misuse (Maulani et al. 2023). Another risk that can occur if you do not pay attention to security in digitization is the occurrence of manipulation and falsification of a document. Forgery of digital archives can occur if digital archives containing data and files are stored on servers without encryption. Encryption is considered important in the storage of a server because encryption will protect the contents of archives from unauthorized access and will ensure that only authorities can read the contents of documents (HS 2023). If an archive containing data and files can be accessed by unauthorized users, it is prone to fraud by irresponsible parties by replacing legitimate files with fake f iles or modifying original data (Permatasari et al. 2020). This will cause the authenticity of the archive to be questioned, resulting in a decrease in user trust. An archive, especially in a digital archive, should have an instrument of trust so that the archive remains authentic or maintained authenticity (Dimas 2023). Instrument of trust in digital archives refers to the technology and procedures used to ensure the accuracy of a digital archive. The instrument of trust makes it possible to produce digital archives that are trustworthy and reliable by more than one party. Instrument of trust is applied with the security and confidentiality of data that can be maintained on a digital archive. The security that exists in a digital archive will be able to show that the management system used from the archive is good and trustworthy. In the aspect of protecting the security of a digital archive, the application of blockchain technology to archives is one of the innovations that can be applied. This happens because blockchain technology can protect a document with decentralized data. Topics related to blockchain in archives are still poorly discussed in the scientific world, so this has become a driver for researchers to analyze blockchain topics in archives. This study aims to determine the development of publications related to blockchain implementation in archives based on Web of Science (WoS) databases, which are then analyzed using bibliometrics. A bibliometric analysis of the literature provides a broader and more systematic picture of the research landscape on blockchain in pan-grounding practices. Bibliometric analysis develops publication data analysis techniques that begin by identifying the authors, articles, and references used. Bibliometric analysis will produce two different aspects, namely bibliometric maps and graphic representations of these maps through computer programs (Marlina 2021). Bibliometrics can also analyze the number of citations from scientific articles used (Aria and Cuccurullo 2017). It is hoped that this research can contribute to the advancement of science, serve as a basis for future research, and increase knowledge of the importance of authentication in digital archives.

This research uses bibliometric analysis methods on publications related to the application of blockchain in archives, then visualized with Biblioshiny in a bibliometric package from R Studio software. Theibliometric analysis method can study research patterns, relationships between authors, collaboration networks, to the influence of a study on certain disciplines. Bibliometric analysis is often used because it can find networks between publications and other publications through keywords, authors, author institutions, authors’ places of origin, and the like through visualization of maps and graphs from the help of certain software. The advantage of bibliometric analysis is that it can objectively evaluate all articles that have been published on a particular subject, thus eliminating potential selection bias (Paltrinieri et al. 2019). Figure 1. Flowchart Analysis of Bibliometric Methods Figure 1 shows a flowchart of the method used in this study. Starting from exporting from the database to the process of analyzing on the Bibioshiny web interface. At the initial stage, the data obtained is exported in BibTex format and the file is stored in the form of (.bib). Data in BibTex format will be analyzed using the bibliometrics package in R Studio software. T hen entering the commands >library(bibliometrix) and >biblioshiny() will bring up the Biblioshiny web interface. In this biblioshiny, the data that has been obtained was managed and visualized to be analyzed using bibliometric methods. Figure 2. Flowchart of Data Retrieval Process in Web of Science In this study using 2 keywords, namely “blockchain” and “archive” as displayed in the flowchart Figure 2. Figure 2 explains that data related to blockchain implementation in archives is obtained from a collection of publications indexed byWoS. Retrieval of data from WoS using keywords that have been set with 2 AND boolean rows, then search for the appropriate document using the topic search field to search for keywords in the title, abstract, author keywords, plus se keywords until a search string is obtained TS=(blockchain) AND TS=(archives) so that 111 documents were obtained. In order to obtain the appropriate bibliometric analysis results, researchers conducted a screening process limiting data collection to article document types or proceeding papers, then obtained 106 final documents for analysis. The resulting search string is (TS=(“blockchain”) AND TS=(archives)) AND (DT==(“ARTICLE” OR “PROCEEDINGS PAPER”)). Researchers analyze the development of blockchain implementation in archives using the Biblioshiny web interface with 3 analysis matrices, namely based on sources, authors, documents equipped with three knowledge structures including conceptual structure, intellectual structure and social structure. The bibliometric analysis will involve searching the source matrix to identify the journals that are most relevant to the topic, covering annual scientific productions and the most relevant sources. The author matrix will evaluate how many researchers are involved in the topic, focusing on the most relevant authors. Meanwhile, the document matrix will illustrate the number of publications and keywords related to the topic, including the scientific production of relevant countries, as well as visualizations such as concept maps and wordcloud. Beside that, intellectual structure analyzes the relationship between one writer and another. This is based on a network of quotations from authors who have published documents on the topic under study. The closer the relationship between one author and another, the more often the author’s quotations are used in publications related to blockchain topics and archives published by other authors. For social structure, further analysis is related to network collaboration between authors and also the country map of the collaborating authors. Network collaboration is shown by the existence of a chain of relationships between one author and another. T he larger the network between these authors, it will indicate that these authors write more about blockchain research topics and archives than other smaller networks of other authors. Meanwhile, the collaborative map of countries that contribute to blockchain topics and archives explains more about countries that frequently collaborate with other countries on the same topics. This analysis contributes to a systematic understanding of academic articles related to blockchain in digital archives.

4.1. Main Information T he development of blockchain in archives from WoS scientific publications is described in detail in the main information section in Table 1. The main information is about data, document content, authors, author collaboration, to document types. The main information in the 2015–2023 period related to blockchain in the archives resulted in 106 documents from 97 journal sources with publication growth of 0%. The average document is 2.37 years old with citations per year per document reaching 7,132 times. In addition, there are references to blockchain topics in the archive of 3,027. T here are also 2 author categories and 3 collaboration author categories. This data comes from two types of documents, namely articles include articles; data papers, articles; Early access and MWoe to the proceedings. Table 1. Main Information Description Results MAIN INFORMATION ABOUT DATA Timespan 2015:2023 Sources (Journal, Books, etc) 97 Documents 106 Annual Growth Rate % 0 Document Average Age 2.37 Description Results Average citations per doc 7.132 References 3027 DOCUMENT CONTENS Keywords Plus (ID) 69 Author's Keywords (DE) 404 AUTHORS Authors 327 Authors of single-authored docs 12 AUTHORS COLLABORATION Single-authored docs 12 Co-Authors per Doc 3.49 International co-authorships % 27.36 DOCUMENT TYPES article 59 article; data paper 1 article; early access 3 proceedings paper 43 Source: Web Interface Biblioshiny 4.2. Annual Scientific Production Figure 3 shows patterns related to annual scientific production from bibliometric analysis of documents on blockchain topics and archives. Research began to be taken in 2015, where publications related to blockchain and archives still occupy a low position, which is about 1 document, and in 2016 there were no publications about blockchain and archives. But from 2017 to 2018, blockchain-related publications and archives began to increase to around 13 documents. In the following year, from 2019 to 2022, blockchain-related publications and archives continued to experience a significant increase with the most documents around 40. However, in 2023, the publication of documents related to blockchain and archive topics will Volume 8, Number 1, June 2024 55 see a drastic decline. From 40 documents in 2022, it dropped to only 15 documents in 2023. Figure 3. Annual Scientific Production Source: Web Interface Biblioshiny 4.3. Most Relevant Sources Figure 4 shows the most relevant publication sources on blockchain and archive topics. In the first position, sequentially the journal Computers and the journal Security and Communication Networks contributed the most publications related to the theme of blockchain and archives, which were about 3 articles each. In second place, sequentially starting from the journal 2022 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain 2022), 2022 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Big Data and Algorithms (EEBDA), Applied Sciences-Basel, Electronics, and IEEE Access, from the five journals each contributed 2 publication articles related to blockchain and archive topics. And in the third position that contributed 1 publication article related to blockchain and archive topics, it was sequentially occupied by three publication journals, namely the 2015 IEEE 4TH Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE), followed by the 2017 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA). In fourth position, occupied by the journal 2017 IEEE 6TH International Conference on AI &; Mobile Service (AIMS) by contributing 1 document related to Blockchain topics on the archive. Figure 4. Most Relevant Source Source: Web Interface Biblioshiny 4.4. Most Relevant Authors Figure 5 shows the authors who are most relevant to blockchain topics in archives. In the first position sequentially occupied by Bui T, Higgin J, T hearux O, Wang Y with each author producing 4 documents related to the topic. In second place, sequentially occupied by Bell M, Collomosse J, Sheridan J, Wang H, Wang Z who each produced 3 published documents. And in third place is occupied by Banno R who only produced 2 documents Figure 5. Most Relevant Source Source: Web Interface Biblioshiny 4.5. Scientific Production of Country As many as 20 countries contributed to the production of scientific publications related to online impulse buying. In Figure 6, it is known that the darker the blue, the more documents published related to blockchain in the archive. It is known that China is the main country that publishes the most documents in the darkest blue color followed by the USA and UK. While other countries contributed to publications but not as many as 3 countries. Figure 6. Most Relevant Source Source: Web Interface Biblioshiny Based on figure 7, there are two types of collaboration from the country of publication authors, namely Single Country Publication (SCP) and Multiple Country Publication (MCP). In figure 7 which displays the top ten of the document publishing countries on the topic of Blockchain and Archive, China occupies the first position as the country that contributes the most publications, which is around 23 articles, of which 18 are articles published in SCP and 5 other articles are published in collaboration with other countries or MCP. In the second position of the country contributing the most article publication is occupied by the USA which publishes about 10 articles, consisting of 7 compiled by SCP and 3 others compiled by MCP. In third and fourth place related to the country of publishing the most articles, occupied by the United Kingdom and Korea which respectively published as many as 7 and 5 articles. In fifth position occupied by several publishing countries such as India, Italy, Japan, and Russia with each publishing articles related to Blockchain and Archive topics as many as 4 articles. Then in sixth position, where each country contributed 3 articles occupied by Canada, France, Greece, Romania and Saudi Arabia. And for the seventh position occupied by seven countries where each country contributes 2 publication articles, these countries are Austria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Nigeria, Portugal, and South Africa. Figure 7. Corresponding Author’s Countries Source: Web Interface Biblioshiny 4.6. The Most Frequently Occurring Word Frequency T he most popped-up word about blockchain on the archive can be analyzed using treemap and wordcloud. Figure 8 is a word treemap analysis of 50 major blockchain-related and archive keywords. Keyword analysis with treemap provides a clear reflection of the condition of the topic because it is accompanied by the number of occurrences of words and their frequency. Gamba r 8 shows the model word with the highest proportion of 8% of blockchain words appearing 5 times, followed by framework 3 times with a proportion of 5%, model words 3 times with a proportion of 5%. In addition, the words secure in the pink column and gray security show a direct correlation to the cause of implementing blockchain in digital archives. While Figure 9 is a wordcloud visualization, the higher the word frequency, the larger the word. The most dominant word is”blockchain”, as explained in Figure 8. Figure 8. Tree Map Source: Web Interface Biblioshiny Figure 9. Wordcloud Source: Web Interface Biblioshiny 4.7. Intellectual Structure T he intellectual analysis of the structure in this study takes the citation network of authors who have published blockchain topics and archives on the web of science indexing systems as data to be analyzed. In figure 10 there are 9 plots from large to small, consisting of nine colors. In green, it consists of 6 author quotes, namely Wood G. 2014, Nakamoto S. 2008, Benet J, Liang XP. 2017, Back A. 2014, and Corallo M. For purple and brown, both consist of 4 author quotes. In blue, it has 3 author citations and in orange it has 2 author quote names. The five colors are connected to each other, while the other four colors stand alone without being related to other colors. The four colors start from red which has 3 author quotes, then followed by pink, tosca and gray which each have 2 author name citations. If the author’s quotes have a relationship like the previous 5 colors, where if the relationship is getting closer, then the author’s quotes are often used in publications related to blockchain and archive topics. Figure 10. Co-citation Network Source: Web Interface Biblioshiny 4.8. Social Structure T he collaboration of author networks and country maps could shed light on the social structure of blockchain publications on digital archives. Figure 11 describes several authors who have network collaborations with other authors. The larger the name Orcircle of the author, the author dominates the research carried out collaboratively. Network collaboration is also shown by the chain of relationships between authors with each other. The pink color in Figure 11 shows Bui T often doing collaborative research with T hereaux O and Higgens J. In addition, there is also collaboration between authors shown with eleven different color clusters. The eleven color clusters do not often collaborate on writing blockchain-related research and archives so the model shown is simple. Figure 11. Collaboration Network Source: Web Interface Biblioshiny Figure 12 shows a collaborative map of contributing countries on the topic of blockchain and archives. In Gambar 12, writing collaborations are often carried out by China, USA, and UK. This is supported by the many research documents issued by these countries. In table 2, we find ten countries that have the highest frequency of writing collaboration. It can be seen that the Chinese state dominates collaboration with other countries from various parts of the world. With the highest frequency of collaborating with the UK as many as 2 so it can be concluded that China is a country with a social structure that often collaborates with other countries Table 2. Collaboration Network From To Frequency CHINA BANGLADESH 1 CHINA GREECE 1 CHINA INDIA 1 CHINA IRAN 1 CHINA JAPAN 1 CHINA KOREA 1 CHINA MALAYSIA 1 CHINA PHILIPPINES 1 CHINA SAUDI ARABIA CHINA UNITED KINGDOM Source: Web Interface Biblioshiny 1 2

The year 2015 was the beginning of innovation in the application of blockchain in digital archives. Blockchain-related publications on digital archives increased dramatically in 2022 with the number of publications of 40 documents, with China as the country that has the most publicized fish related to the topic. In addition to China, the USA and the United Kingdom are countries that contribute to publishing documents related to blockchain topics on digital archives. The journal Security and Communication Networks and author Tu Bui is one of the sources and one of the authors who have published the most blockchain-related documents on digital archives. In addition, based on collaboration network images, the author of Tu Bui also often collaborates with three other most relevant writers, namely Higgins J and Thereaux O. Based on the results of the analysis that has been done, the blockchain on the archive is still not very developed. This is because the publication has only been started since 2015 which is the beginning of research innovation on the application of blockchain in digital archives. In addition, in treemap and wordcloud images, the word archive is not found, but instead the word “security” is still found which is still related to the application of blockchain in digital archives. This research aims to find out the development and trend of scientific article publications that identify the relationship between blockchain and archives. This relationship between blockchain and archives is important for making security-related innovations in digital archives. As in other studies, the study still has some limitations because it only uses the Web of Science as the main database. Suggestions for future research researchers may consider using the Scopus database or a merger of the two to get more accurate results